Plastic Surgery Essay - 1265 Words

Many people say that anything that is original, is the best, whether it’s the flavor of chips, the first movie, or even the first original book. However, the problem is that people do not think the same for human beings. More specifically, people disregard their own image and rather desire to change who they were created to be. The importance is that plastic surgery has been destroying the physical and mental existence of human beings. As our society continues to expand and advance within our technology for the â€Å"better of the world†, more people are tempted and exposed to fixing who they are within their originality. The utilization of plastic surgery results in risks leading to more extreme health factors, innumerable cost expenses for†¦show more content†¦The father of the young girl Linda, Fernando said that Linda came out of the clinic worse than ever, and that the pain that he and his wife are going through is indescribable. Not only has the pain aff ected the person herself, but to her loving family who cared so much. Such risky cases of plastic surgery is not worth a try in the first place, and should be avoided for cosmetic purposes. Another factor hindering humans to deviate from cosmetic surgery is, realistically, the cost itself. While there are plenty of urgent and prioritizable operation to hold for people who cannot financially afford, the mindset of people paying the amount of a full tuition to college to have their faces or even parts of their bodies beautify is socialistically not acceptable. A new report from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) found that Americans spent $16 billion on cosmetic plastic surgery and minimally invasive procedures in 2016 (Health day 2017). From the most â€Å"trendy†, or most wanted procedure held in America, breast augmentation of more than 290,000 procedures at a cost of about $3,700 each, to Tummy tuck -removes excess fat and skin- almost 128,000 procedures at a round $5,800. Although plastic surgery loans are an option to consider for financing your operation, especially for teenagers, how would they fulfill thousands of dollars to perform operation after they have done plastic surgery? The most debt problematic nation of China, hadShow MoreRelated Plastic Surgery Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever considered having plastic surgery? After reading this paper you might want the surgery or you might not. Plastic surgery, a form of art, can reconstruct your body and renew your confidence but can you accept the risks involved?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plastic surgery ranges from one- thousand dollars to three- thousand dollars or more depending on the surgery (Body fat reduction: Suction-Assisted Lipectomy). There are plenty types of plastic surgery. One type is called liposuction. The best candidatesRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesWhen you hear the phrase â€Å"Plastic Surgery† what comes to mind? Maybe dangerous, and risky, or do you think about the scalpel and all the cutting and all the blood? I myself think about how it’s only for rich celebrities who have a couple extra hundreds of thousands of dollars to spend. We have a bad habit of overlooking all the good things that plastic surgery can achieve. From life altering surgeries and saving lives, by highly qualified surgeons, to giving people more confidence and getting ridRead MoreEssay on Overview of Plastic Surgery1611 Words   |  7 Pages Plastic surgery is a corrective specialty that is used for personal or medical purposes. Many people think about plastic surgery is just used for making your nose smaller or breasts bigger, when actually it is used for much more. For example, plastic surgery can also help someone who has gotten burned, by placing skin from another part of the body to the burn. Plastic surgery is primarily used for fixing themselves because they feel self-conscious or feel uncomfortableRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1017 Words   |  5 PagesPlastic Surgery Most of us dont like some aspect of our appearance, whether its sagging eyes or excess weight in particular areas, to name a few complaints. Lately a record numbers of Americans are doing something about it by having plastic surgery. Since 1995, the number of cosmetic procedures, which range from liposuction to facelifts, has almost tripled (English 23). Is that a healthy choice-or a dangerous trend? Aging has become the field of the future for plastic surgeons whose patientsRead MoreThe Dangers of Plastic Surgery Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesPlastic surgery is becoming a widespread pandemic in the United States. More and more people everyday are electing to take this surgery which, for many people, is an unnecessary change to their body. People in this country and around the world need to realize the dangers and consequences of choosing this surgery. In the United States, there should be increased restrictions on plastic surgery because it would help people better understand the risks and stop some from taking the unnecessary surgeryRead More Media and Plastic Surgery Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesMedia and Plastic Surgery Images produced by the media will make people do almost anything to fit American standards of the perfect body. Plastic surgery offers a quick fix to help achieve this goal but no matter how much surgery nothing is perfect. Images produced by media, quick fixes and the outcome of the fixes are problems that women of all ages deal with. From the time of birth, images of physical perfection bombard young minds. When children are young their minds are fragile and moldRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1788 Words   |  8 Pagesare paying thousands of dollars to have plastic surgery done to enhance this unreal beauty. Sadly, reality is that beauty is now seen as having the bigger breast, the perfect smile, zero body fat, and the perfectly chiseled nose. More and more people are turning to plastic surgery as a way to make them happy about their appearances and boost their self-esteem in a quick and easy process. But reality is, plastic surgery has major side effects. Plastic surgery causes more physical and emotional damageRead More Plastic Surgery Essay2497 Words   |  10 Pagesones worst enemy. Who will save us from the evil signs of ageing? A plastic surgeon! Because of the rising economy, cosmetic surgery is now more affordable, which creates great demand for such services. In return, creates a great wave of several different health care providers to become plastic surgeons. Because many are demanding services concerning the enhancement of appearances, cosmetic surgery is widely performed by plastic surgeons. Over the years, cosmetic procedures became more safe andRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1925 Words   |  8 PagesHow Plastic Surgery Helped Reshape the World As we see throughout the years, plastic surgery also known as cosmetic surgery has become more and more popular every year. Plastic surgery has increased to nine percent from 2000 to 2001. There are many various types of procedures that could make the body the way the person prefers it to be. The most popular surgeries that are performed include facial reconstruction, liposuction, breast implant, arm, thigh, and many more. The word plastic in plasticRead MoreEssay on The Risks of Plastic Surgery1011 Words   |  5 Pagesfeel good about physical appearance, plastic surgery comes with many life-threatening risks, that often times are not even necessary. Even though plastic surgery comes in handy in certain cases, people manage to take it to a whole other level, even as far as an obsession. That is where something good turns into a psychological problem. If the outcome can do more damage than good, it probably is not a wise decision. Medical Reasons The only reason why plastic surgery is necessary for medical reasons

Essay about Research Proposal Thesis, Major Points, Plan

Research Proposal-Thesis, Major Points, and Plan The topic I will be writing on will be, â€Å"Should changes be made to the regulations for food that are served in public schools?† Our children are being fed unhealthy food and it needs to stop! Good nutrition is very important to our health and there is a high level of concern these days. I have 4 children and 2 of them are teenagers. They are always saying how unhealthy and horrible their lunch is. I have looked at the lunch menus and they are right. Most of their food is fried and I am appalled to what they are serving our children. I take high interest in this topic is because I want my children to be healthy and I am also concerned about the facts that over 63.1% of adults in the†¦show more content†¦Topics A. â€Å"Should changes be made to the regulations for food that are served in public schools?† 2. Thesis statement A. â€Å"Our children are being fed unhealthy food and it needs to stop!† 3. Questions to be answered B. 63.1% of Adults in the US were either overweight or obese in 2009 and is possibly higher. What is it today? C. What are our children being fed in public schools? D. Is it causing our kids to develop bad eating habits ? E. Are public schools to blame for overweight children? F. Could this contribute to other health issues or diseases? 4. Audience A. American Families/Parents B. School Boards around the U.S. C. PTA Clubs around the U.S. D. School Districts around the U.S. 5. Sources A. National Association B. State Boards of Education website C. The National Academies Press website D. GovTracks.us website E. Food Politics F. Hoboken Patch article G. WebMD H. Let’s Move websites I. Please see Site’s listed below http://nasbe.org/healthy_schools/hs/bytopics.php?topicid=3115amp;catexpand=acdnbtm_catc http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11899amp;page=103 http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20100210/percentage-of-overweight-obese-americans-swells http://www.foodpolitics.com/2011/01/harvard-forum-who-decides-what-your-children-eat/ http://hoboken.patch.com/articles/school-lunch-standards-to-take-effect-this-yearShow MoreRelatedAssignment 2: Research Proposal Thesis, Major Points, and Plan642 Words   |  3 PagesShould regulations regarding payment to college athletes be changed? Assignment 2: Research Proposal Thesis, Major Points, and Plan Christopher Burch Strayer University ENG 215 Research Writing April 9, 2013 Prof. R Eackloff Abstract None Required Should regulations regarding payment to college athletes be changed? I have selected the persuasive writing genre to investigate the question Should regulations regarding payment to college athletes be changed? for two reasonsRead MoreUnit 4 exercise 1 guided reading1574 Words   |  7 Pagesits causes and its effects. A detailed plan that shows step by step how to solve the problem. A costs benefits analysis that that measures the benefits of the plan against its costs. A conclusion that looks to the future and stresses the importance of taking action. 2. When someone wants to solve a problem or present new ideas they will be asked to write a proposal. A solicited proposal responds to the requests for proposals. Then there’s a grant proposal that are used by non-profit organizationsRead MoreGraduate Writing Center: Writing Thesis and Dissertation Proposals7304 Words   |  30 PagesWriting a Thesis or Dissertation Proposal 1 Writing Thesis and Dissertation Proposals The Graduate Writing Center of the Center for Excellence in Writing Overview: This workshop will introduce basic principles of writing proposals across a range of disciplines. It will present practical strategies, and it will include examples of successful proposals. Goals 1. To introduce strategies for bridging the gap between coursework/beginning research and thesis writing. 2. To help you understand theRead MoreGetting On The Conference Program And Writing A Practical Article1090 Words   |  5 PagesSuccessful Grant Proposals: An Information Synthesis† (Wisdom, Riley, and Myer, 2015). In the article â€Å"Recommendations for Writing Successful Grant Proposals: An Information Synthesis,† Wisdom, Riley, and Myer (2015) â€Å"applied standard information synthesis procedures for sifting abstracts, scrutinizing full texts, and abstracting data† to provide ten recommendations for â€Å"promoting faculty grant proposal success in academic medical settings.† The method they used in this research is to use CochraneRead MoreMasters in Project Management Research Proposal1950 Words   |  8 Pagesuj.ac.za/bit Research Project Proposal To complete this research project proposal process, learners must locate a supervisor and submit a research proposal detailing the proposed research project to be undertaken before registering. The purpose of this research proposal is to help the learner design and plan a research project which the learner is interested in undertaking and to explain this project to other people. The proposal should include: †¢ what you plan to do in your research †¢ why this workRead MoreGuidelines on Writing a Research Proposal2565 Words   |  11 PagesGuidelines on writing a research proposal Introduction This is a guide to writing M.A. research proposals. The same principles apply to dissertation proposals and to proposals to most funding agencies. It includes a model outline, but advisor, committee and funding agency expectations vary and your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme. Use these guidelines as a point of departure for discussions with your advisor. They may serve as a straw-man against which to build your understandingRead MoreCell Phones While Driving Persuasive Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Proposal – Thesis, Major Points, and Plan Fiona Harris Professor: Virginia Rodriguez ENG 215: Research and Writing 10-22-17 The topic of my persuasive paper, I chose to research the issues surrounding the question, Should regulations regarding the use of cell phones while driving be standardized? I say absolutely, the safety of the millions of American motorists should be considered more important than convenience. The matter of this kind of behavior happens all day, every day acrossRead MoreQuestions On Identity Theft And Theft894 Words   |  4 Pagesany credit cards. I tried almost every credit card company but all I get is application denied notices. I had to deal with this for almost a year and then I found this website where you can place a Freud report. 3) Research your topic and provide a brief summary of the current points of view about the topic. Share at least two different/opposing positions on the topic. Identity theft can be don’t by a lot of different ways. It’s not just through digital word. It can also be done physically. StealingRead MoreWaiting Times At Clinics And The General Organization Of The Proposal1707 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This paper serves as an introduction to a dissertation. It shall introduce the scope of the dissertation by discussing the problem, the background of the problem, the purpose of the proposal, the scope of the proposal and the general organization of the proposal. The thesis of the dissertation is wait times at clinics and how that time can be reduced to obtain efficiency at clinics. Problem Statement The subject of this paper is waiting times at clinics and how that time can be minimizedRead MoreBusiness Report For A Business1335 Words   |  6 Pagesidentify the problem in operating management. Reading business report can help individuals to know more about the system for the companies’. My desired major is Pre-Business, this kind of genre may be easily seen in my professional field. I will analyze and demonstrate business report in following ways: firstly, how the readers understand the main points for writers’ to analyze the data, secondly, the form information in the content and lastly the communication purposes and community values in the society

Optimizing Pilot Planning and Training for Continental Airlines Free Essays

Optimizing Pilot Planning and Training for Continental Airlines Summary Continental Airlines is the fifth largest airline based on passenger volume in United States. It provides over 1,100 daily flight services to five continents. Effective manpower planning is a key component for the success of Continental Airlines. We will write a custom essay sample on Optimizing Pilot Planning and Training for Continental Airlines or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is essential for Airline Company to adjust its need for pilots constantly in different position in response to new market opportunities, changing passenger demand, acquisition and retirement of aircraft and training resources and evolving economic conditions. Therefore, the company collected information from several separate database systems and built the training plans by using spreadsheet. However, this development method was time consuming and complicated and the database used was not capable for training plan as it was used for more 10 years. In order for solving the complicated, large-scale pilot planning and training program and increasing the competitive advantage in air transportation market, Continental Airlines replaced the old database system and spreadsheets by the Crew Resource-Solver integrated decision-support system. It includes four main modules to handle staffing, vacation, planning and training. The staff-administration module and vacation-administration module maintain crew records including all current and past assignments, absences and training while the planning-optimization module and training optimization module provides information of pilot-planning and training functions (Yu, Pachon, Thengvall, Chandler and Wilson 2004). Generally, Continental Airlines uses system bid award to determine the needs of staff changing to different positions and handle the pilots’ requests to change positions. It mainly uses seniority-based rules for decision making. In an average system bid award, 15 to 20 percent of the airline’s pilots receive new positions. As long with system bid award, the Crew Resource-Solver system can build the training program that establishes the timing of training, advancements, releases, and new pilot hires. The Crew Resource-Solver system includes two phase to solve the pilot training problem. The pilot-transitioning phase determines the timing of pilot transitions by using limited information about training capacities to restrict the number of pilots assigned to training. The training-class-scheduling phase produces the detailed training schedule taking as input the solution from the pilot transitioning phase. As a result, the training program contains a set of detailed training schedules including all training events for each student and each training resource. The training program must satisfy all the constraints set by Continental Airlines such as pilots training will not be assigned during their vacations and other scheduled absences. Planners are able to use system to customize the training plans by changing the objectives and options (Verbeek 1991). Analysis The main objectives of the Crew Resource-Solver system are: 1. The improvement of the efficiency of the training programs 2. The forecast of future airline pilots’ needs 3. The maximization of the cost savings There are a number of advantages in using the Crew-Resource Solver system. First, the system improves the airline’s processes by enhancing information sharing within the organization and by simplifying system maintenance. Second, the system enhances data integrity by eliminating duplicate data storage and automating processes. Third, the system saves time compared to the old manual approach as it can produce a complete, optimized training plan that includes both the pilot transitions and the training class schedules within an hour (Yu et al 2004). Moreover, the system increases the flexibility of the training program as it is able to customize by adjusting objectives and setting options. The Crew-Resource Solver system provides an optimal set of components that can satisfy all training program requirements. However, there are several limitations to the Crew-Resource Solver system. First, the training program constraint is based on the traditional training plan which highlights the inherent weakness of any optimization model as it relies upon sound data for accurate outputs (Sarker 2008, p. 5). Second, the potential sources of savings vary depending on different system bids. It is the fact that a bid will have no cost components associated with those activities when it is no required on new hires and pilot releases. Third, even using the system, there is a trade-off between block-hour shortages and other costs on the training plans. Therefore, when block-hour shortages cost increases, the training cost will decrease, vice versa. It is unable to decrease both block-hour shortages cost and training costs together. Finally, the final decision of the training program is not automated and requires management to select the best option for each training program. Result The Crew Resource-Solver system is an important investment of Continental Airlines to upgrade the management of manpower-planning needs by resource optimization and operation and financial performance improvement. Based on the evidence given in the article, the Crew-Resource Solver integrated decision-support system is a successful program for Continental Airlines to achieve its above objectives. First, there are three ways for the cost savings. Training classes’ schedules become more efficiently and the number of pilots sending to training decrease. Second, there is reduction in pay-protection costs as promoting pilots in new positions in seniority order. Third, it reduces payroll costs because the system can provide the optimized training plans which can use exiting pilots more efficiently and reduce the chances to hire new pilots. In fact, many recommendations derived from the Crew Resource-Solver integrated decision-support system have already been applied and have helped Continental Airlines to save approximately $10 million each year. Second, the integrated system have focused process improvement and improved data integrity, and it is easier to maintain than the numerous legacy systems and spreadsheet application it replaced (Yu et al 2004). References Sarker, R Newton, C 2008, Optimization Modelling: A Practical Approach, CRC Press, Florida. Verbeek, P. (1991) Decision support systems – An Application in strategic manpower planning of airline pilots. Eur. J. Oper. Res. (55)3, 368-381 Yu, G. , Pachon, J. , Thengvall, B. , Chandler, D. Wilson, A. (2004) Optimizing Pilot Planning and Training for Continental Airlines. Interfaces, Vol. 34, No. 4, July-August, p. 253-264 How to cite Optimizing Pilot Planning and Training for Continental Airlines, Essay examples

Brooklyn (Colm Toibin) Essay free essay sample

Cultural context reveals the world of the text. It shows us how the world impinges upon the lives of the characters. The novel I have studied is Brooklyn by Colm Toibin. Throughout the text we see many examples of the values of society. The position of women, men and family intrinsically establish the central characters in a specific position. The text has a dual setting between the 1950’s Catholic Ireland and the post world war two world of Brooklyn, America. The two locations help to expose the contrasting values and attitudes of the characters in their world. The role of women in society is vital for my understanding of the cultural context. It is predominantly stereotypical for the time. In both locations, women are subservient, with frequent families being patriarchal. In both locations, a woman’s main desire was ultimately to be married to a wealthy man. This is seen when Nancy and George are in a relationship. Many people respect Nancy at this time because George is from a high class of people, and this is considered to be an achievement for Nancy. At a later date, Nancy marries George and she becomes a well-valued and admired person in society. This is a contrast to Brooklyn, where, often women become educated before starting a family. Eilis’ career opportunities increase while she is in Brooklyn, as she aspires to be an accountant, rather then just a bookkeeper. A main value of women in society was their appearance. We see this in the lengthy preparation for the dances. It plays an important social role in meeting potential husbands. The behavior and values of women at the time is extremely important for the cultural context. Women were expected to adhere to certain moral values. This can be seen in both Ireland and Brooklyn at the dances. In Brooklyn, Eilis dances with Tony and knows she cannot dance with another boy after this. This shows us the attitudes towards women at this time. However, this attitude is felt much stronger in Ireland than Brooklyn. We can see this with Ms. Fortini. She reflects a contrasting attitude, being more independent and modern then the rest of the characters. A key moment in the text, which shows the values women have in society, would be when Ms. Kehoe locks the basement gate of her house. She  does this because she does not approve of the way Eilis acts with Tony. This is a prime example of how women are expected to behave in society. This example is intrinsically linked with the encroaching power of the Catholic Church and the way it shapes the values and attitudes of the characters in the novel. The power of the Catholic Church is clearly evident in the novel. It helps shape the attitudes most of the characters have. The power and influence of Father Flood is distinct throughout the novel. His values of the Church are thou rally respected and admired by everyone in the community. He holds substantial power in both Ireland and Brooklyn, convincing Eilis’ mam to allow her to go to Brooklyn, and getting Eilis a job and a place to stay once she arrived there. In Brooklyn, we see many people know Father Flood, as he was able to get Eilis a place in college, to help further her career. The church also has a controlling aspect on the characters moral values. This is seen with Eilis and Ms. Kehoe’s view on relationships and sex. Their attitude towards relationships are shaped around the beliefs of the Church, an example of this is when Eilis asks Tony to go to confession with her, as she sees sex before marriage as a sin. Ms. Kehoe realizes Tony has been in Eilis’ room soon after this, so she locks the gate to stop this from happening again. In my opinion, the Catholic Church has a substantial influence on Ms. Kehoe compared to Eilis because Eilis marries Tony, but cheats on him in Ireland with Jim. This is against Catholic Church’s teachings but that does not seem to influence Eilis in any way. In the end, she decides to go back to Tony. This might be because she realizes she has sinned, and because of the influence of the Church on her values, she cannot divorce Tony, she has to accept her life in Brooklyn instead. Power is an extremely important factor in the cultural context of 1950’s Ireland and Brooklyn. The power structure in society is the Catholic Church. It helps shape the values of the characters, as many of them live their lives by the Church’s beliefs. Eilis’ mother is an example of this, as she hardly knows Father Flood but immediately trusts him because he is a member of the Catholic Church. He has the power in society and the characters look up to him for guidance. Another position of power seems to be held by those with money. Throughout the book it seems to be an important factor, more so in Ireland then Brooklyn. People with money were treated superior to others, and a woman’s goal was to sustain a wealthy man. Those with money occupy certain positions of class. This can be seen in both societies. It was a very class structured society, with the Church and people with money at the top. Our first example of this is when Eilis and Nancy are at the dance, and Eilis realizes Jim does not want anything to do with her as she and Nancy were from a lower class. He refuses to dance with Eilis and ignores her for the rest of the night. Power was a major influence on marriage, as women were respected a considerable amount more if they married someone with power. Their view was that if they married someone with power, they had achieved a large goal in their life. The influence of power in 1950’s Ireland and Brooklyn shaped the values and attitudes of the characters. Undoubtedly the personal freedom of Eilis and many other characters is affected by the world in which she resides. In Ireland, Eilis’ freedom is largely restricted because she is a woman. She is expected to marry and start a family, and there is no emphasis on her education. She has very little freedom as a teenager; an example of this is when she goes to the dance. Because of the society she lives in, she is expected to dance with only one boy for the whole night; this does not give her any freedom to do otherwise. Many of her decisions in Ireland are forced ones, such as when she went to work with Ms. Kelly. Ms. Kelly assumed Eilis would want to work for her, and did not give Eilis the chance to say no. She did not treat Eilis with respect but Eilis still had to keep working for her. This is greatly contrasted with her life in Brooklyn. Eilis had a large amount of personal freedom in Brooklyn, allowing her to explore the town she lives in. Her decisions were taken solely by herself, unlike in Ireland. She was able to decide if she wanted to further her career in college, whereas in Ireland she would have been expected to become a bookkeeper, but never an accountant. She also had freedom where she worked, with the employees and her boss treating her with respect, this contrasts with Ms. Kelly’s shop in Ireland. She was given opportunities to advance in her role as a sale assistant in the shop in Brooklyn, unlike Ireland where she would always be selling things in Ms. Kelly’s shop. Ultimately, Eilis is affected by the cultural context. It impinges upon her world. This is greatly seen in her last decision in the book, to accept her life in America with Tony. In modern day Ireland and Brooklyn, she would have been free to get a divorce and stay with Jim, but because at the time she was greatly influenced by the Catholic Church and her role in society, this option was not available for her. We discover at the end of the novel Eilis is a conformist, as she allows her values and attitudes to be shaped by 1950’s Ireland and Brooklyn. Overall, my understanding of cultural context is that it is the world of the text. In my opinion, the characters in Brooklyn accept the world in which they live in, and allow their values to be shaped by the time and place. Throughout the book we see the characters being influenced by the role of women, the Catholic Church and the people with power in their society.a

Rethinking Orphanges Essays - Child Welfare, Childhood, Family

Rethinking Orphanges Gina Magnanti Economics Edited by Richard B. McKenzie Reviewed by Jim Powell Nowadays, it is considered acceptable to send a young person from a supportive, wealthy family away to a residential boarding school. At the same time it is considered destructive to send a young person from an unsafe, unhealthy home to a nurturing, educational, residential setting. As a result of old orphanage stereotypes in the past, many residential education programs have shut down during the past four or five decades. Most of these stereotypes weren't helped by such examples as shown in Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist. Major newsmagazines supported these popular stereotypes with turn-of-the-century pictures of pathetic orphanage residents on their covers. The debate lasted only a few months. The critics claimed victory once again, and nothing was done. The government has failed at taking care of children who find themselves unwanted because their parents have given them up or died. There are now few education-focused, residential settings available for young people, especially adolescents, who don't have homes that can support them nor schools that can effectively teach them. However, there are tens of thousands of children who could benefit from such care. Unwanted children are condemned to constant dependency on individuals who are more concerned with their perks and privileges than with children. The government rewards those who carry out its programs for the number of children they take in, but it doesn't evaluate the quality of care. Children are moved from one program to another each time people dream up some new way to get more funding. This book gives a compelling case that unwanted children are much better cared for in the private sector by orphanages run by churches or other charitable organizations. McKenzie grew up in an orphanage and speaks passionately from his own experience. He is thankful for having had an orphanage provide continuity in his life. The kind of continuance that is lacking in today's government-run foster care system. Children are often sent through the system consisting of foster care homes. McKenzie notes that surveys show the majority of orphans tend to look back on their experiences with gratitude. Rethinking Orphanages for the 21st Century provides the foundation for a real national policy debate. The short-lived, sound-bite-based national policy debate on orphanage care that took place in late 1994 was, regrettably, founded on old orphanage stereotypes. House Speaker Newt Gingrich praised the 1930s movie ?Boys Town?, whereas his critics in the Clinton administration countered with visions of orphanages in London in the late 1800s, as depicted in Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist. This edited volume is the first attempt to rethink critical issues relating to the care of disadvantaged young people. One contributor evaluates the current dreadful state of care for many American children. Another contributor evaluates the literature relating to orphanage care and finds much of it to be lacking. Yet another contributor does what the critics have not done- and surveys orphans about how they have done in life and how they look back on their experiences. Unfortunately, the reality of orphanages and the Hollywood portrayals of them was never compared until this.

Free Essays on Charles Dicken’s Bleak Houses

Charles Dicken’s Bleak Houses ‘Ms. Jellyby is a lady of very remarkable strength of character, who devotes herself entirely to the public. She has devoted herself to an extensive variety of public interests, at various times, and is at present (until something else attracts her) devoted to the subject of Africa’ (IV, 4-10) If someone applied this remark to anyone else, that person would be considered a nice person who does things for others, but not when applied to Ms. Jellyby. This is one of the ways Charles Dickens shows his disgust of people in Bleak House. Bleak House was written in 1852, in the Victorian time of England. Dickens saw so much wrong with his peers, country, and government that he talked about it in most of his books. Bleak House is one such book, and in it he shows that there are different types of communities, some which work and become representative of Bleak House, and others that fail as such. The communities are families, most of which fail, but some make it through relatively unscathed, and institutions that fail, not just individuals, but society. As quoted above, one of the main failures shown in Bleak House is the failure of families. In Jellyby’s case, she is a woman who is supposed to be this big champion of suffering and underfed people in Africa, but ignores her own children as a result. Esther and Richard make the remark, â€Å"She was a pretty woman†¦ with handsome eyes, though they had a curious habit of seeming to look a long way off. As if- and I quote Richard again- they could see nothing nearer than Africa† (IV, 19-23). This shows that even the main characters know that she doesn’t care about her own children, just about whatever new crusade she can take up. Another example is Esther. She is a special case, being that she has two failed families, but ends up with a good one. The two she has that fails, is her aunt and her mother. Her aunt, Miss Barbary, and Rachel, both took ca... Free Essays on Charles Dicken’s Bleak Houses Free Essays on Charles Dicken’s Bleak Houses Charles Dicken’s Bleak Houses ‘Ms. Jellyby is a lady of very remarkable strength of character, who devotes herself entirely to the public. She has devoted herself to an extensive variety of public interests, at various times, and is at present (until something else attracts her) devoted to the subject of Africa’ (IV, 4-10) If someone applied this remark to anyone else, that person would be considered a nice person who does things for others, but not when applied to Ms. Jellyby. This is one of the ways Charles Dickens shows his disgust of people in Bleak House. Bleak House was written in 1852, in the Victorian time of England. Dickens saw so much wrong with his peers, country, and government that he talked about it in most of his books. Bleak House is one such book, and in it he shows that there are different types of communities, some which work and become representative of Bleak House, and others that fail as such. The communities are families, most of which fail, but some make it through relatively unscathed, and institutions that fail, not just individuals, but society. As quoted above, one of the main failures shown in Bleak House is the failure of families. In Jellyby’s case, she is a woman who is supposed to be this big champion of suffering and underfed people in Africa, but ignores her own children as a result. Esther and Richard make the remark, â€Å"She was a pretty woman†¦ with handsome eyes, though they had a curious habit of seeming to look a long way off. As if- and I quote Richard again- they could see nothing nearer than Africa† (IV, 19-23). This shows that even the main characters know that she doesn’t care about her own children, just about whatever new crusade she can take up. Another example is Esther. She is a special case, being that she has two failed families, but ends up with a good one. The two she has that fails, is her aunt and her mother. Her aunt, Miss Barbary, and Rachel, both took ca...

Wireless Technology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wireless Technology - Assignment Example This paper discusses the difference between 3G and 4G technologies. The basic aim of this research is to present the comprehensive overview of the Wireless Wimax technology implementation in the field of wireless communications. It is an admitted fact that Smartphones and mobile phones currently operate via the 3G network for communication as well as date sharing. In view of the fact that 4G has been effectively developed but 3G is still used by a large number of companies, hence it is still successful in retaining its reputation. On the other hand, 4G has turned out to be the standard mechanism for wireless communication. Additionally, it also holds a large customer base from all over the world. Without a doubt, 3G technologies are a quickest way for wireless communication; on the other hand 4G is believed to be 3-4 times faster than it. Certainly, similar to any other technology, both these networks have also some pros and cons, which are discussed by a number of authors such as (V iswanathan, 2013; Smith, 2010; Balasubramanian, Mahajan, & Venkataramani, 2010). Some of the major pros and cons of these technologies are outlined below: Pros of 3G Technology One of the basic advantages of 3G technologies is that they are very useful in quickly transferring data. In fact, data can be transferred at the rate of 2 Mega bytes per second. These technologies are increasingly used by the developers and programmers to develop positioning services and maps, which are on a regular basis used by the general public. 3G technologies also provide a wide variety of dominant multimedia services, which are used to build apps for instance video conferencing, chatting, online billing systems and many more. A large number of companies use 3G networks as a default platform for mobile phone games, in particular those games which include heavy animation and graphics. 3G technologies support various advanced features which can be used by the developers and programmers to create apps for instant messaging, mobile TV and video and audio chatting and much more. Cons of 3G Technology One of the biggest drawbacks of 3G technologies is the cost associated with their use as subscribing to 3G networks is expensive. As discussed above, 3G users are provided with the services such as video conferencing sessions and games with other 3G customers; however the people using these services cannot perform any other things except these functionalities. Consequently, the sales of apps developers can be lower. Without a doubt, 3G technologies are widely available throughout the world; however there are still many areas where these networks are not available so people in these areas can choose other ways of communication. Pros of 4G network 4G technologies are advanced version of 3G technologies so they can perform all the tasks which can be performed through 3G technologies with the difference that 4G technologies offer much higher speed than WiFi or 3G networks. As compared to 3G t echnologies and WiFi, the 4G’s range is much wider so it can support comparatively stable communication. One of the most distinguished features of 4G technologies is that these networks offer more security than other networks such as WiFi or 3G networks. Hence, the majority of people particularly the business professionals are more likely to use 4G, for the reason that they increase security, privacy and safety of data. These networks allow people to select any suitable option from a wide variety of payment options. Hence, if someone wants to rent 4G equipment, they can select from a number of pay-as-you-go plans. 4G technologies effectively deal with the cost factor.

Finance principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Finance principles - Essay Example The company held a meeting to discuss the launch of its new product and the top management discussed in detail about the cash flow analysis and projections of the liquid detergent. The Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Mc Donald presented a report in a meeting which included the cash flow projections for the new project. He was planning to purchase specialized equipment and production facilities from Donnalley limited. Mr. Gasper, the production manager, inquired the CFO that why wasn’t he purchasing the equipment from Danforth limited. Being the financial analyst, I will analyze the purchase of equipment and facilities from Donnalley as well as Danforth limited if the company was planning to go with the project. If the company will buy specialized equipment from Donnalley limited, then it is expected to have increased net cash flows for the project. For the first four years, company will be able to get increased cash flows of $580000. While for the next three years, company is hopeful to receive higher cash flows of $650000. However, the company will get net cash flows of $550000 for the remaining four years of the project. There will be reducing depreciation on the specialized equipments of the company which are shown in table 1. The Radiant limited will experience loss in sales revenue from the existing product lines during the term of the project. The EBIT and NOPAT are calculated for each year in the table 1. Following are the formulae for the calculations of EBIT, NOPAT and free cash flows. In the fifth year, there was a need to purchase additional production facilities to meet up the growing demand of the detergents. The company will invest $5000000 to continue operations and production of detergents. The terminal cash flows are also calculated to come up with the free cash flows of the last year of the project. Let us suppose that the company can also purchase the plant, equipment and facilities from Danforth limited for launching a new

Animal adaption report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animal adaption report - Essay Example For instance, a sunflower’s ecological niche is absorption of water, lights, and nutrients. Offering food to some organisms and releasing oxygen in the atmosphere (Daily, 2014). A structural adaptation is defined as the physical characteristics that an organism develops in order to survive in a particular environment. The video shows a type of reptile that has developed sharp teeth to grasp slippery seaweed. The developed teeth is an example of adaptation that gives the reptile better likelihood of obtaining food thus surviving in the particular habitat. They have also developed a flat snout that helps them graze. Physiological adaptations accounts for the way an organism adjusts or regulates bodily functions in response to a situation or its environment. An example from the video is the oxygen carrying capacity that the iguana reptile has developed to enable it dive for up an hour to get seaweed. The ability to dive deep enables the iguana reptile to dive deeper thus finding food. An example of behavioral adaptation from the video is the migration of birds (albatross). Albatross migrate in response to their mating instincts. The behavioral adaptation that albatross has developed for mating allows their population to gather in one place and at a specific time and ensures their ongoing reproduction. In the former times, cheetahs were prevalent and common in various regions of the pre medieval world. However, nowadays, they are sported in specific parts of the world mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, emote and secluded North African regions, as well as Iranian and Pakistani enclaves. The largest Cheetah population’s concentration is in Namibia, Southwest Africa. This place is therefore famous as "the land of cheetahs." The cheetah’s diet includes mammals ranging from small to medium size, which are lighter than 40kg. Some of these are impala, gazelles, and wildebeest calves. Other prey

Analysis of Desirees Baby By Kate Chopin

Analysis of Desirees Baby By Kate Chopin Desirees Baby has been set in the days before the abolition of slavery in the big farms/plantations owned by whites and tendered by black slaves in the Southern State of Texas. Monsieur Valmonde finds an abandoned baby by the wayside. His wife, Madam Valmonde, does not have a child of her own thus; she takes the baby and names her Desiree. Madam Valmonde and her husband, Monsieur Valmonde raise the child, until she turns 18 years-an age considered ripe for courtship and marriage (Chopin). Her beauty, elegance, and white skin attract Monsieur Aubigny, a plantation owner and widower who just returned from burying his wife in France. This essay provides an insight into alienation in relationships, the consequences of mans evil institutions like slavery and racism. Aubigny, the main character, feels a strong sense of alienation in his relationship with black slaves, a people that he greatly despises. They are an inferior race, generally a non-people in his eyes. Aubigny a rich white landowner is endowed with wealth and the right color. In the society that all the characters live, white is deemed acceptable and good. Anybody with a black skin is a social outcast, and they should be rejected to live the cursed life, that of slavery. Aubignys parents were white, and they instilled into him the right color that an endowed person should have or associate. His family is one of the initial sources of alienation. His upbringing constantly placed him on top of blacks, and this is why he denies his baby because it is turning black. Madam Valmonde also exclaimed that Desirees baby was not the baby implying that the babys origin and color will not be accepted by society as that of Aubignys. The society, immediate family, and close friends shape the status of an individual. The way people behave is largely affected by; how they perceive themselves and what society will think about them. Madam Valmonde refuses that Desirees baby is not the kind of child that society will accept. Society cannot accept that both Augbiny and Desiree, both white can have a black offspring, the cursed race. Augbiny cannot accept living with a woman who has given birth to an inferior being (Chopin). He cannot imagine what his close friends, family, and society will think about him. This is why he decides to alienate himself from both wife and child before society judges his behavior. His actions are dictated by society and not by self-worth. If society does not accept blacks, then he too cannot accept them. He burns everything that belongs to Desiree and her baby to get rid of any information that links his private life to blacks. This shows that he cannot outdo the code of conduct in his white dominated society. Desire too cannot imagine what society will think of her black baby and she chose to drown with him in a swamp. Madam Valmonde plays the role of society. She knows that the real father, Aubigny, will not accept the baby. She tries to express this to Desiree although she does not understand. She also plays the part of society that will accept the rejected. She willingly takes her daughter and grandson back. This shows her motherly love and concern for the unhappy daughter. Failure to accept her adopted daughter and grandson may cause her to be labeled as selfish and inhuman by society. The letter from Augbinys mother to his father serves the role of a wakeup call into reality. It jerks Augbiny into knowing that whatever he has rejected (black) is in his blood and in fact the source of his life (mother) (Chopin). A popular culture metaphor taken from the story is the one that describes Armand Aubignys features. He is described as a having a dark and handsome face that had not been disfigured by frowns. This metaphor implies that black is handsome although society does not accept people of color (Chopin).This metaphor shows the irony in societys code of acceptance. A person can be black and handsome and yet society had rather accept white and ugly because the later comes from a superior race while the earlier originates from an inferior race. Aubigny lacks a complete sense of direction. He knows that the origin of Desirees parents is not know and yet drinks into her beauty. He cannot accept the color of slaves thus results to deceit and wickedness to save his face in society. He is very ignorant of his looks and denies his looks. The fact that he does not acknowledge his ignorance, wants to satisfy the code of acceptance of society makes him ruin his relationship with his family. Ironically, He begins to treat the slaves fairly because he realizes that he has a black baby! Aubignys chooses the wrong path of letting go of his family because of the color of the baby. The baby just like his parents did not choose where to be born and in what color. Desiree also chooses the wrong path of killing herself and son. This because she feels that society cannot accept her and they may label her as a failure. She does not understand that one cannot satisfy the demands of society and being black is human. My sympathy goes to the baby who dies because of something that he does not have any power over. As for the married couple, they deserve what they get; they let society dictate everything that they believe in without realizing that nothing is perfect in the eyes of man. Society and its representatives like race, marriage, and slavery are faulted in this story. During the pre-colonial times, a slave could only marry a slave and a white to a white. However, whites could have sex with slaves with or without their consent. This resulted to colored people who could not be accepted because of their mixed heritage and the act of a white male siring with a black slave (one of the lowly acts). This story highlights racism, its effects on people who are victims and cannot accept it like Desiree and Augbiny. In this story, there is a great conflict between reality and fantasy. Augbiny fantasizes that he should get a girl instead of a boy. He further fantasizes that the beauty and fair skin of Desiree will help him to get a purebred white child who does not have any black flaws. Madam Valmonde also fantasizes that the child should have been white she says that openly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this is not the child (Chopin). She knows that if the child is not white, then there is nothing foe Desiree. This is why she accepts both daughter and grandson. Women/girls are victims of their own making. They fail to understand that beauty or color alone cannot lead to a happy life. They do not comprehend their needs and the reason to live. Desiree argues with Augbiny that she is whiter than Augbinys. She writes a letter to her mother telling her that she is unhappy because of the mistreatment from her husband. This shows that she cannot accept to live as black, with a black child in a society that labels black as bad and cursed. In a case like these, men like Augbiny take advantage of misunderstandings and capitalize on them making women unhappy. They strain their relationship because they feel that they are following the code of acceptance of society. Women are also victims of societal demands. Desiree cannot be happy without a man and she does not want to imagine how society will see her. This makes her end her life and that of her baby in a tragic manner. A man like Augbiny is a victim of society and its institutions like slavery. Man spends so much time building racism and slavery and in the end, these two things swallow their lives into the unknown. Racism and slavery are meant to serve the interest of whites but it is ironical that they again destroy him especially when Augbiny discovers that he too is black. Augbiny expects his fantasies to be true thus lays all his hopes in color. If it is now white, he does not want anything to do with it. He falsely expects that society will accept him now that he has done away with family only to discover that he too is black. The moral issues that arise in this story are wickedness, deception, and misunderstanding. People shudder at the thought of being black or even being associated with the cursed race. Augbiny does not understand that color and origin of a human being can neither be changed nor be discarded. Desiree discards her color, that of her son and her origin in death. This implies that slavery and racism are things that are very evil in society and should be discarded or they will eat into the human soul. Blacks are human beings and color is only skin-deep and is dictated by their genes; things that none can suppress or change (Schneider). Madam Valmonde accepts her daughter and son. She is that part of society that embraces what the elites have rejected. Madam Valmondes letter to her daughter show the humanity, acceptance that can be found in the heart of the human race. The wickedness of the institution of slavery and racism is clearly depicted in this story. Augbinys mother prays that his son should never discover that he has a black mother. It clearly shows the way whites deny that blacks are human beings and a part of society. Death is very wicked because it embraces even the innocent like Desirees baby. It does not discriminate between the ignorant, rich or color. It just takes everything that comes on its way.

Black Women in Rap Essay -- Essays Papers

Back That Ass Up: A Discussion of Black Women in Rap †¦You can put it in your mouth I said your mothafuckin mouth I said your mothafuckin mouth And you could just eat me out What do ya choose to lick? You could eat me out Pussy or dick? Within the booming business that has become the rap world, certain musical themes and issues are more prevalent than most. In addition to such topics as drugs, alcohol and police brutality, a dominant theme within rap music is the denigration and derision of women. Indeed, as the above lyrics to Akinyele's song â€Å"Put It in your Mouth† illustrate, many male rappers use violent and misogynistic lyrics to create an image of women that is both degrading and disgusting. The graphic and shocking nature of this particular type of rap causes it to be widely publicized, and thus it serves as a definition of rap for a majority of people today. However, there are a number of female artists within the rap music genre spreading messages of female empowerment and respect, not denigration. These female artists, often ignored due to the hype surrounding their male counterparts, use their lyrics to create raps which focus on life as women; dealing with issues of love, power, and discrimina tion. The face of women in rap culture is both multi-faceted and contradictory. The rap world has many different dynamics, including economics, racism, sexism, and violence. How do these relate to black female rappers? What is the role of the feminist rapper within rap culture? What is the message of black female rappers and how is that conveyed within their music? Why are women exploited, i.e. verbally demeaned and abused within rap songs; being turned into objects of sexual violence and denigratio... ...â€Å"Music in African American Culture.† Mediated Messages and African American Culture: Contemporary Issues. Ed. Venise Berry, Carmen L. Manning-Miller. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1996. Mies, Maria. Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour. New York: Zed Books, 1998. Roberts, Robin. â€Å"Ladies First: Queen Latifah's Afrocentric Feminist Music Video.† African American Review. 28.2 (1994): 245-257. Rose, Tricia. Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America . Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1994. â€Å"Never Trust a Big Butt and a Smile.† Black Feminist Cultural Criticism. Ed. Jacqueline Bobo. Malden: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. Ya Salaam, Kalamu. â€Å"It Didn't Jes Grew: The Social and Aesthetic Significance of African American Music.† African American Review 29.2 (1995): 351-375.

Cultural relativism Essay

The issue of universalism of human rights vs. cultural relativism has been a focal point of heated debate for the last several decades. As globalization is bringing nations together, cultural differences and peculiarities become increasingly more salient. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nation in 1948, lists several categories of rights that the peoples of the world have agreed to accept and recognize. These rights include the right to life, liberty and security of person; the right to be free from slavery and servitude; the right not to be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or arbitrary arrest, detention or exile; the right to marriage with the free and full consent of the parties; the right to own property; the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religionm; and the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work (United Nations, 1948). These rights are universally recognized because they protect the dignity of an individual and the basic social institutions which are present in virtually every culture. However, their universality is still contested, as â€Å"human rights as laid out in the international covenants ignore the traditions, the religions, and the socio-cultural patterns of what used to be called the Third World† (Tharoor, 1998, para. 1). For example, in some African societies, â€Å"group rights have always taken precedence over individual rights, and political decisions have been made through group consensus, not through individual assertions of rights† (Tharoor, 1998, para. 4). There are many instances when traditional practices conflict with universal human rights. For example, female genital mutilation, practiced by some African and Asian people for cultural and communal reasons, translates into irreversible lifelong health risks for females (UNICEF, 2008). The debate whether human rights are universal is perennial. It is important to recognize, however, that an effective framework for the protection of human rights can be developed only using a bottom-up approach, giving the broad support of a society where human rights are promoted. References Tharoor, Shashi. (1998). Are Human Rights Universal? World Policy Journal, 16(4). Retieved June 11, 2009, from http://www. worldpolicy. org/journal/tharoor. html UNICEF. (2008). Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting. Retrieved June 11, 2009, from http://www. unicef. org/protection/index_genitalmutilation. html United Nations. (1948). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved June 11, 2009, from http://www. un. org/en/documents/udhr

10 Easy Steps to Getting a New Job in 2017

10 Easy Steps to Getting a New Job in 2017 Desperate for a new job? Experts suggest it takes roughly one month per $10,000 of income to find a new job. But if you’re currently jobless or just plain miserable in your current situation, you might want to accelerate the process. Luckily, there are ways to fast track your job search process, provided you prepare yourself to launch your search with all your ducks in row. That means assembling the strongest application possible, as quickly as possible.Here are 10 steps to getting a new job and get where you want to be.1. Compile Your ReferencesStart by reviewing what resources are available to you- in particular, collecting reference letters from previous employers, showing how valuable you proved yourself to be. That sort of thing can be incredibly useful once you make it to the interview stage.2. Personalize Your ResumeNow is not the time to send out your standard, generic resume. Target your resume specifically to the job you want. Make sure to include your biggest accomp lishments, and show them in quantifiable terms. How much money did you raise in that campaign? How many employees did you supervise? And you can be sure to skip the outdated â€Å"Objective† statement at the top. Replace that with a succinct and surgically worded summary.3. Spread the WordDon’t hesitate to tell people you’re looking. Now is the time to expand your network and call upon your contacts if there is anything concrete they could do for you in the company or industry you’re applying for. Remember that most open positions are never shared online- and certainly won’t make it to the big job search engines. So get yourself in the game.4.  Optimize Your TimingIf you can afford to wait for the peak hiring times of the year, that might put you in a better position. The biggest months for new hires are January, February, October, and late September. Try to make your contact at the start of either of these two cycles, and spend the off times str eamlining your profiles and getting ready to charge in at the right moment.5. Build your BrandDouble and triple check any information about you that is available in public. Google yourself. Then take a serious look at your LinkedIn and other social media profiles. Make sure you’re presenting the best and most polished version of yourself- and also the most coherent narrative across the multiple platforms. Remember, in the job search, you are a salesperson selling yourself as the product. Put yourself in the best possible light for best results.6. Keep LookingEven if your dream application is in, don’t stop applying. Worst case scenario, you’ll end up juggling offers, which is never a bad position to be in. This doesn’t mean you should apply to every job you come across that might fit your qualifications; make a more targeted search of companies you’d like to work for and jobs that you could really do well.7. Dress Like a ManagerIf you’re luc ky enough to get an interview, remember that first impressions do matter- a lot. Put some time and research into figuring out how people tend to dress when they’re successful in your field. Then aim to replicate that look. When in doubt, clean, classy, and professional can’t go wrong.8. Bone Up on Your Interview SkillsThis is crucially important. Think of the interview as the exam at the end of a long semester. You’ve already made it this far; you just need to keep the right information in your head to ace the test. Do your homework. Prepare to answer questions that are most likely to come up. And prepare a few good ones of your own- you will definitely be asked whether you have questions.9. Be YourselfSo often people forget to be themselves in an interview, to their detriment. Prepare, but not to the point of coming off as rehearsed or fake. Go in there and be as authentic as possible. Use storytelling to convince them of your candidacy. The more you showcase o f yourself, the better idea a recruiter or hiring manager will have of your capabilities in the context of the job.10. Be GraciousSo many people forget or ignore this important step. After your interview, be sure to send a handwritten thank you note- immediately. This reiterates your interest, displays your decorum, and is a nice way to get your name back in the mind of your interviewer. If you have to do it by email, that’s always better than nothing.

An Investigatoin into the Provision of Accommodation, Food and Beverage

An Investigatoin into the Provision of Accommodation, Food and Beverage Free Online Research Papers Purpose To introduce the operational factors involved in the provision off food and beverage and accommodation. Objectives Compare and contrast different methods of food and beverage accommodation services. Scenario Visit two hospitality outlets. Submit a report based on observations and any further independent research. Outlets Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest and ARAMARK ?bbreviations: CM for Careys Manor; SS for SenSpa; AM for ARAMARK; 1.Description of the outlets. 1.1 Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest: Careys Manor Hotel SenSpa is owned by parent company called Greenclose Limited, based in Lymington, New Forest. It has two sister hotels the Montagu Arms in Beaulieu, New Forest and The Imperial Hotel in Wales. CM is situated in New Forest, Hampshire and accupies the amazing six acres. â€Å"With three restaurants, there is plenty to choose from whether you prefer fine dining in our two AA Rosette Manor Restaurant, a relaxed atmosphere in Blaireaus French Bistro or want to enjoy authentic Thai cuisine in the Zen Garden Restaurant.† (Careys Manor, n. d.). A huge bedroom refurbishment has been made, for about  £ 1.5 million, which enables CM to offer 79 luxury bedrooms and large versatile conference facilities. Essential element of the hotel is it`s Spa centre- SenSpa. â€Å"SenSpa, our  £6m award winning Thai spa, offers state-of-the-art facilities including a large Hydrotherapy Pool, Herbal Sauna, Crystal Steam Room, Ice Room, Experience Showers and much more.† ( Careys Manor, n. d.). It sounds nice to spend a relaxing weekend at Careys Manor SenSpa and if we can trust on one of their guests` comment it is a realy great experience!: When I stay at Careys Manor I am wonderfully looked after. They give me every conceivable comfort and at the same time I feel totally relaxed and at ease as if I was in my own home but without a care in the world. The Careys Manor combination of homeliness and luxury means that I can be myself in their care, whether kicking off my shoes or dressing up for dinner. (Careys Manor, n. d.). Tariff: Appendix1 1.2 ARAMARK: Aramark is an American company that has spread worldwide and became the world leader in Contract Catering Industry. â€Å"Over the course of its history, ARAMARK has endeavored to build relationships of trust with thousands of clients around the world. The company offers its clients the most complete, most innovative array of managed services in the marketplace, and thus provides solutions that are customized to each client’s unique needs. In the process, ARAMARK strives to create more value for its clients and to strengthen and expand its client partnerships.† (Aramark, n. d.). AM entered the United Kingdom in 1970`s under the name ARA. Thirty years later it moves from service to partnership and its name is changed to ARAMARK. Last year it won the Cost Sector Catering Corporate Responsibility and Contract Caterer Awards 2008. However, here in Portsmouth AM caters 2 500 000 employees from 20 companies. It offers its clients rich diversity of dishes – from fres hly prepared food and traditional English breakfast to everything you can find in the nearby shop or even Starbucks! 2. Food production and food service system. 2.1 Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest: As a four star hotel Careys Manor sticks to high quality service on each guest cycle tendance and the result for sure is high prices. Of course there are always some tempting promotions such as â€Å"Book One Night Bed Breakfast and Receive the Second Night Half Price plus FREE Dinner on One Evening.† or â€Å"Bring a Friend For FREE!!† (Careys Manor, n. d.). Here is an example of some of the incoming Christmas and New Year`s Eve menu prices: â€Å"New Year`s Eve Dinner Menu – Champagne and Canapà ©s; Smoked Free-range Chicken Consommà © with Roast Onion and Date Tortellini; Chocolate Mousse with Spiced Pear Sablà © and Lavender Sabayon; Selection of New Forest Cheese with Home-made Chutney and Biscuits; Fairtrade Coffee and Petits Fours  £ 155 per person† â€Å"Christmas Day Lunch – Champagne and Canapà ©s; Jerusalem Artichoke Veloutà © finished with Rocket Pesto and Seared Scallop; Roasted New Forest Turkey with Bacon and Chipolata Roll, Chestnut Stuffing and Cranberry Sauce; Traditional Christmas Pudding with Brandy Cream Sauce; Platter of English Cheese with Home-made Chutney and Biscuits; Fairtrade Coffee and Petits Fours  £115 per person† â€Å"Boxing Day Lunch Terrine of Wild Boar with Apple and Wild Mushroom Chardonnay Vinaigrette; Honey-glazed Belly of Local Pork with Lavender Fondant and Red Wine Sauce; Chocolate and Cherry Clafoutis with Vanilla Seed Ice-cream and Hot Chocolate Sauce; Fairtrade Coffee and Petits Fours  £ 27.50† (Careys Manor Christmas Brochure,n. d., p.3,4). Normally prices depend on the very service, for example a plain breakfast is round  £15 or lunch varies between  £25 and  £45. At the Thai Restaurant there are dishes such as â€Å"Moonlight Spa† , a three course dinner, just for  £39 or the â€Å"Twilight Spa†  £99. And the most popular of all is the is still the Afternoon Tea- only for  £ 14.95. Sample menus: Appendix2 The key of cooking four star dishes is not only the high qualified chefs but the work environment! Careys Manor`s kitchens are divided into different sections – hot meal section, cold dishes (starters, sandwiches), vegetarian dishes and pastry (where the desserts are prepared). This is one successful organised system where everyone knows what he/she has to do and if there is a problem the manager will know who is to blame, as well. 2.2 ARAMARK: To be the world leader in Contract Catering Industry is a great challenge and responsibility – you should be perfect in every way- food must be qualitative, service- outstanding and last but not at least- prices should be attractive. Being stressed out for most of the time at work consumers are hard to please, they have high expectations and really do not like spending money. One of the ways AM uses to entice more clients is by entertaining them. What the company does is organising theme weeks. For instance the company have made â€Å"British Chef Meal Week†- each day the clients were served different chef`s meal and yes both parties were satisfied- the customers got their diversity and the company- its profit. Here are some examples of â€Å"Health and Wellness’ menu programs: â€Å"Our award-winning Just4Uâ„ ¢ healthier menu program allows diners to easily identify the foods right for them, including low fat, low calorie, vegetarian, etc. Available at businesses, hospitals and universities, Just4Uâ„ ¢ recipes are developed for superior taste and analyzed by dietitians for nutritional content based on several criteria. Just4Uâ„ ¢ educational materials have been favorably reviewed by the American Dietetic Association. Just4U for Vendingâ„ ¢ provides more than 150 healthier beverage and snack options in vending machines. ARAMARK’s â€Å"Fresh Healthy† nutrition education and healthy lifestyle communications highlight ways to eat more healthfully with colorful point-of-sale materials and customer newsletters. Available at more than 2,000 business, university and healthcare locations, â€Å"Fresh Healthy† is updated quarterly.† (ARAMARK, n. d.) All these healthy, low fat, fresh food seems expensive but actually they are not, at all. While picking up information about this report I found out that most of the prices for food and beverage vary between  £1 and  £5. Great value for great taste. 3. Investigate and compare the design of the menu. 3.1 Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest: Careys Manor SenSpa restaurants have different designed menus but they all have something in common- fresh, organic food. Probably 90% of the products they use are from local suppliers and the other 10% from high quality European suppliers. Chefs use as much organic food as they can. If being a regular visitor to even one of the restaurants you will realize that dishes are being changed through the year and it is so because of the seasonal products being used. For instance: The Manor Restaurant- â€Å"All main courses are served with vegetables that are appropriate to each dish. We source only quality products which are predominantly English and, as far as possible, local, free-range and organic.†; Le Blaireau Restaurant- â€Å"This jewel in the forest offers a wide range of dishes from French classics to nouvelle cuisine; all based on organic and free-range products. Specials are designed each day by our chefs depending on the fresh goods of the market.†; Zen Garden Thai Restaurant- â€Å"Our Thai chefs serve freshly prepared Thai dishes using organic and locally sourced products where possible. Whether you visit the Zen Garden Restaurant for a 3 course dinner or just a freshly made smoothie, you will find the atmosphere relaxing and friendly.† (Careys Manor, n. d.) 3.2 ARAMARK: AM`s menu depends on what people need to be successful at work- energetic, hearty, healthy food. The company tends to offer its consumers fresh and organic food as Careys Manor SenSpa restaurants do. But there is a major difference how they are supplied- by centralised purchasing. There is one more difference with the food being offered- it is not 100% freshly cooked, AM has provided more than 150 healthier beverage and snack options in vending machines (as I mentioned earlier). All the dishes offered had been chosen by their healthy values. 4. Describe the activities undertaken by front of house and housekeeping at each stage of the guest cycle at the hotel and explain how they contribute to the overall guest experience. 4.1 Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest: As describing the guest cycle at a hotel I am going to focus only on Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest: The first stage of the guest cycle is the booking stage. There are several options available to make a reservation- through websites, phone, in person, by booking agent At this stage all the information about the guest is gathered and ready to be used. CM hotel uses one of the newest programs related to the booking stage called â€Å"Opera†. It is used to create a profile of the guest including all his/hers requirements and preferences. Once done all the staff will know how to treat its guests. The second stage is the arrival. CM has three day porters and two night porters. They introduce the hotel, show the way to the rooms, introduce the exact room, explain the guests how they can reach the rest of the staff. The third is the housekeeping stage. The role of the housekeeper is to enhance and nourish the environment- from cleaning the room and making the bed to refurbishment and maintenance of the equipment. The fourth stage is the departure stage. On the check-out all guests have the opportunity to fill in a Guest Comment Card and give their valuable feedback. Through all the stages the whole staff of the hotel takes care of its guests from the housekeeper through the waiters and chefs to the managers and their job is to make clients feel good. If a hotel wants to keep a particular clientele the managers should think of an attractive way to do that. The way Careys Manor`s manager does it, is by giving them a VIP status. They might be the most recent visitors or business ones and what they get as VIPs are luxury chocolate bars on the pillow, free champagne, fruits Still the best you can have in this business is fully satisfied clients and then their money. 5. Explain and comment on the processes in place within each outlet to ensure effective communication takes place between departments. 5.1 Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest: At CM the communication between departments is taken very seriosly. What I mean is that at any moment everyone of the staff knows if there are any changes in the daily schedule. There are two daily meetings- morning meeting and another one where changes in the menu are being discussed. There is a weekly revenue meeting, as well. Its main point is to consider how the market is performing. And there is a monthly meeting related to â€Å"How to fill the gaps†. Decisions about how to advertise the hotel are taken there- through websites, magazines or even facebook. 5.2 ARAMARK: AM`s work is based on quality- food, service, personel. As a number one company in Contract Catering Industry there are no excuses if something go wrong with their service. This is why there is a strong link between each department. There are weekly meetings where the menu is being done and any issues with the departments are being discussed. There is a once a month meeting, as well. It is at this point in time, that the members are able to raise issues they feel are important, profit is calculated, future activity of the company is discussed. Being part of the high competative market AM is making its best to keep its leadership position. 6. Review the staffing implications within each operational area to include consideration of: ratio of full time/part time/casual; shift patterns; the skills of the staff required for the type of business; current employment issues. 6.1 Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest: At CM and SS there are working only six people as a casual staffat the moment- the rest are on a part time or temporary contracts. Most of them are multi skilled and can replace someone if necessary. This staff strategy has been developed because of the recession this year. Generally the hotel has a manager of the hotel, manager for each restaurant, head waiters, chefs () and for the spa procedures- five fitness instructors and twenty therapists. It is common practice for the hotel to employ students from different EU countries such as Italia, France, Poland, as a part time workers. All of the employees mentioned above have one shift except the receptionist. She/He works on three shifts- early, middle or late. The rule under which all the staff works is â€Å"As flexible as possible†. 6.2 ARAMARK: The most important person here is the general manager. He drives everything and has to be sure that the client + the company + the customers are all satisfied! Then comes the assistant manager followed by two supervisors (their job is to count the money, filling the gaps) and two team leaders- shop leader and Starbucks leader. The kitchen staff and the team leaders are extremely steady unlike the supervisors, who can do turnovers. All of the employees working for AM should be highly motivated, have excellent time management and communication skills, they should be team workers and all in all multi skilled. BIBLIOGRAPHY ARAMARK (n. d.). ARAMARK History, Retrieved November 29, 2009, from ARAMARK`s website: aramark.com/AboutARAMARK/History/ ARAMARK (n. d.). Nutrition and Healthy Menus, Retrieved November 29, 2009, from ARAMARK`s website: aramark.com/AboutARAMARK/ARAMARKOn/NutritionandHealthyMenus.aspx Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest (n. d.). New Forest hotels- Careys Manor luxury Hotel and Spa, Retrieved November 29, 2009, from Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest website: careysmanor.com/ Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest (n. d.). 1-4_XMAS_AT_CAREYS, p. 3,4, Retrieved November 29, 2009, from Careys Manor Christmas Brochure: careysmanor.com/my_documents/File/1-4_XMAS_AT_CAREYS.pdf Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest (n. d.). Wellcome to Blaireaus Brasserie and Bar, Retrieved November 30, 2009, from Blaireaus website: blaireaus.com/ Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest (n. d.). The Zen Garden Thai Restaurant, Retrieved November 30,2009, from The Zen Garden Thai Restaurant website: thezengarden.co.uk/index.htm Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest (n. d.). New Forest hotels- Careys Manor luxury Hotel and Spa, Retrieved November 30, 2009, from Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest website: careysmanor.com/category.asp?p=Manor+Restaurant Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest (n. d.). New Forest hotels- Careys Manor luxury Hotel and Spa, Retrieved November16, 2009, from Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest website: careysmanor.com/category.asp?p=Tariff Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest (n. d.). Wellcome to Blaireaus Brasserie and Bar- Menu, Retrieved November 30, 2009, from Blaireaus website: blaireaus.com/MenuList.asp?Lang=ENM_ID=1 Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest (n. d.). The Zen Garden Thai Restaurant- Menu, Retrieved November 30,2009, from The Zen Garden Thai Restaurant website: thezengarden.co.uk/menu.htm Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest (n. d.). New Forest hotels- Careys Manor luxury Hotel and Spa, Retrieved November 30, 2009, from Careys Manor SenSpa New Forest website: careysmanor.com/category.asp?p=sample+menu Research Papers on An Investigatoin into the Provision of Accommodation, Food and BeverageNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Project Managment Office SystemTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Costruction Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Costruction Contracts - Essay Example It is observed that the building projects are seldom completes on the given time due to one reason or the other. Reasons of the delay might be a) delay on the part of contractor b) suspension of work c) non payment to contractor in time and the d) circumstances beyond the control of stakeholders. The contractor as per the agreement, bound to complete the task within the given timeframe. If work is not done within the allocated time, the contractor is obliged to compensate the losses suffered by the employer. In the scenario No.1 where an old cellar was discovered by the Cash ( the contractor) on site which was not identified by Woolley Wilson Developments (WWD)( the employer ) hence, caused extra time and expenses to the contractor, which should be born by the employer. In the scenario No. 2 the contractor had to call in British Gas Company to reposition the main gas pipeline which took near about sixteen days to get the job done, caused a delay of 16 days in the accomplishment of pr oject, therefore, bound to pay compensation to the above said employer. The competent court of law or the arbitrator as the case may be, shall determine the compensatory amount payable to the affected stakeholder keeping in mind the actual losses. Further, the competent jurisdiction or the arbitrator empowers either to increase or to decrease the compensatory amount provided substantial violations of the contract were found. According to UK law, unliquidated damages are determined by the competent court of law provided the loss is proved by the petitioner. Only then claimant shall be entitled for compensation. In the case of Surrey CC v Bredero Homes (1993)2, it was held by the court that damages were not merely awarded on failure of compliance but to the loss suffered. Contrary to that, in the case of Chaplin v Hicks (1911)3, the court of law awarded compensation to the claimant. It transpired from the said judgments that the court even considers those claims where monetary losses are not occurred. In accordance with law, damages are analyzed in order to place the claimant in the same position where they were, if they performed as per the agreed terms. Now the question is how to quantify the damages occurred for the expected losses. Here we found two options to handle the issue a) reason of non performance and b) remedial measures to mitigate the losses. We may refer the cases of Radford v De Froberville (1977)4 and Tito v Waddell (no 2) (1977)5. In referred cases, the court had the diversion views as far as compensation for the damages are concerned. In other words, court of law while deciding the cases of compensation assessed the damages first. Under English law, damages are categorized in two ways a) liquidated damages and b) unqualified damages. As per civil code of conduct, liquidated damages are taken as penalty. In the mentioned situation, liquidated damages clause, if inserted in the contract, is applicable. Breach of a contract attracts compensation under liquidated damages. Provided a) either uncertain or difficult to quantify b) amount of compensation based on actual losses c) adequate remedy e) planted damages. If aforesaid criterions are not fulfilled, liquidated damages clause in the contract has no potential value. Penalty has nothing to do with the

Knowledge and Horizon of Ignorance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Knowledge and Horizon of Ignorance - Essay Example The similarity between the definition for knowledge and that of ignorance is that both involve the need to understand (or not) of a "subject" or "something". This writer believes there are two keys points that provide direction to this essay statement. The first point is that there must be a purpose for expanding the field of knowledge. Working towards understanding a purpose or subject can only reduce the lack of knowledge in that specific area, and, as a result, reduce the horizon of ignorance. Secondly, while field of knowledge is most commonly understood to encompass the compartmentalized areas of pursuits like mathematics, natural and human sciences, history, the arts, and ethics, it must also be noted that without the ability to justify the knowledge within these fields (often using self-awareness, intuition, faith, and logic, authority) and form a point of view, knowledge is useless and the horizon for ignorance increases. In this instance, the word horizon refers to the "boun dary where the sky seems to meet the ground or sea, where the higher the observer (or the more a person expands the field of knowledge without a purpose and justifiable claim), the lower and more distant is his visible horizon (the more a person's ignorance increases, or horizon of ignorance increases)." (Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 2008) Essentially, the increase in the horizon of ignorance happens only if the expansion in the field of knowledge is not accompanied with a purpose that is justified with an achieved point of view. Therefore, this writer believes the essay statement to be untrue. While the opening argument for this essay uses another of Henry Miller's quotes to make a point, critics who are familiar with Miller's life work might also argue that the range of this man's work may not necessarily reflect a purpose in expanding his field of knowledge which is predominantly in writing. Miller was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1891, and died in 1980 in Los Angeles California. Between his birth and death, Miller lived in Paris so he could fuel his charismatic rebelliousness, albeit in destitute and depended on the charity of his friends. The French Surrealists and the Dadaism movement heavily influenced Miller, and this led him to write a number of novels, including Tropic of Cancer, Black Spring, and Tropic of Capricorn, which challenged American cultural values and moral attitudes through the discussion of sexual subjects (Miller, Henry). In his professional lifetime, Miller wrote novels that were banned in the United States on the grounds of obscenity, played the piano, painted, wrote plays and had a part in a film. While it is difficult to understand the motivation behind Miller's zest for the varied subjects of concentration, it should be noted that even with his rebellious background, his forward-looking attitude provided a purpose for pursuing each field and could justify each need as

Assess the Current Status of Primary Healthcare in the Socialist Essay

Assess the Current Status of Primary Healthcare in the Socialist Marketplace - Essay Example (IBM, 2006) But healthcare for the population at large has lagged behind other markers of success. During the first few decades of the current Chinese regime the resources of the local principality had much to do with access to resources. In rural areas, regional organization at the local level attempted to meet the medical needs of those in the district. In urban areas, the work unit was the most important unit of local governance in terms of health-care access. THE RURAL SYSTEM With the end of the pure socialism of communal living, and the financial erosion of the work-unit system in urban areas, it is more standard for individual inequalities to be the determining factor for healthcare access.(Duckett, 2007) Low-income individuals without health-insurance may be able to cover a few minor medical incidents, but income inequities are likely to bring on financial insolvency, even when patients are able to pay. Where these financial inequities persist in a market with little viable in surance; the legitimate need for healthcare then becomes one more cause of poverty. (Mackintosh 2001: 175). Though efforts are underway to re-establish a cooperative system of health financing. By the late 1970s, The medical system in China was wedded to the over-arching government bureaucracy. Health services were just one more facet of the apparatus of administration and social control in a command economy. A World Bank study has observed that by 1975 ‘almost all the urban population and 85 per cent of the rural’ had a form of insurance that was at least able to provide the most basic of medical services, as well as cost-effective preventives, and sometimes curative treatments. This also entailed financial risks that to some extent, the population shared, in addition to the benefits in life expectancy. (World Bank 1997: 2), (World Bank 1992). In Rural regions the 1960's and 70's saw many of these benefits in the form of vaccines and contraceptives; under the auspices of local control based upon the older system of rural communities funding the majority of their own health services. (Huang 1988; Kan 1990:42). Under the older system, rural areas typically had a three-tiered system of regional organization was responsible for the administration of health-services. There were hospitals at the county level, Health centers for communes that could provide referral services and the supervision of preventative treatments; and the communes. Individual village/communes had health stations staffed by rural practitioners sometimes known as ‘barefoot doctors’ (Bloom & Gu 1997). These local-level commune health centers would report to the district commune-management communist party committee. The next step above them in medical matters was the county-level general hospital, for a higher level of technological support and supervision. But all of these institutions were under the auspices of a county health bureau, for the purpose of administration, rather than actual treatment. The intent was to bring new dimensions of health-care to rural areas previously bereft of them in years before. Attempts where made in the late 60's and 70's, what might be termed the late Mao era, to introduce an apparatus of collective funding, similar to health insurance programs to better assist the rural health-system for most villages. And for

Unit 49 - Dementia Essay Example for Free

Unit 49 Dementia Essay I have been working for a while in the Nursing Home and I have met patients with different situations. We have been dealing with more Nursing residents but getting to know with Dementia patients is very interesting. I have met Mrs. E which had been discharged from the hospital. She couldn’t communicate properly on what she wants, even her family are having a problem to recognize the things she liked and wants. It was a challenge for us to help her in her daily personal hygiene and especially eating and drinking. When she arrived we tried to comfort her and made comfortable. Her family was very supportive in her care but it’s very hard to predict what she really wants. We checked her weight, as the process of checking if what they need for their nutrition. Mrs. E had been spitting out food at meal times so we have tried to give her sweet drinks to divert her attention with the food. During the past days we have been trying to identify on how to communicate with her through different ways until we tried to hold her hands while eating to keep her calm. Because of the Dementia Mrs. E had, she had lost weight for the past days because she didn’t have good nutrition and until when she’s a bit settled in her new home, she has been eating well. With the assessment of the Nurse, her diet was then changed to soft. She is able to swallow her food straight away without chewing more that makes her more agitated. Her diet was changed because she don’t like to use her dentures, she don’t want anything that bothers her in her mouth. Mrs. E was admitted to the hospital because of poor nutrition caused by her Dementia. She wasn’t eating and drinking very well until she was settled in the home where she had been attended to by the carers regularly. We gave her different kinds of food, until we gave her the food that she likes to swallow. So now we knew that she likes soft foods like mousse, ice cream and anything sweet. It was emotionally very good to Mrs. E because it will make her calmer and settled if we have achieved to give her what she wanted. When she first came to the Home, Mrs. E is very unsettled. With her shouting and crying, other residents had been affected with her in the dining room. I wasn’t a very good atmosphere for Mrs E and the other residents and affected them so much in their meals. Some of them just go out without eating because of her in the dining room shouting. Since then we tried to make changes with the meal times and until we make her settled. We have to give her more attention, because when you just leave her and try to serve others she will then started to make cries and shouts because she can hear the noise in the dining room in which she don’t know what to do and made her agitated. So we have to give her more time to have her meal, along with those who need assistance with their food. Person-centred care played a very important role in Mrs E’s stay in the Home. We have been trying many ways on how we could communicate with her on what she wants to do, especially with her food. It helped the carers to recognize the wants of Mrs E with her food and gave the kitchen staff the list she is having and the kind of drinks she is taking. She wanted to have a quiet environment during meal times to make her calmer. With the families helped in the history of Mrs E, it was a great helped in assessing the right kind of care to be given to her. The way she deals with her personal hygiene, to the likes of her dress and the kind of food she wants. Through the care plan the carers have the basis of the thing they need to assist Mrs E in her care. It helped us in the care we give her and the food she’s having. I have met Mr L, who has been admitted at the Home and his daughter gave us his life’s history prior to his stroke. He wasn’t been eating and drinking he was not very well. That’s why his family decided to have him in the home to be taken care by the carers. We have been helping Him in the morning with his personal care as due to the stroke Mr L couldn’t move his left side very well. He could still immobilised himself through standing but with a help by us. He was very kind man but the problem is he is not eating very well. As we have seen in His care plan that we need to encourage him to eat and drink. Through the helped of His daughter we learned that because of his dementia he always forget the time of the day when he is still leaving on his own until He was not feeling well because He had no proper nutrition that He needs. Dealing his personal centred care we ask Him what time he usually eats breakfast, lunch and dinner and what kind of drinks He wants. He told us that He prefers to eat his meals in His room, because He was a writer before, he is just fund of reading books and papers. After a while in His stay at the Home he gets better, by giving Him the food at the right time and by helping Him with eating and drinking. As the result of this learning it has been very challenging in dealing this kind sickness. I know that we are not having full dementia unit but I am looking forward to learn more and to apply the things that I have learned in the different areas of Dementia.

Corporate Social Responsibility Advantages and Disadvantages

Corporate Social Responsibility Advantages and Disadvantages Abstract The report is endowed with detailed and exhaustive information about the essential for corporate social responsibility and reporting. The report draws from corporate social responsibility and reporting literature in other to conclude and recommend appropriately to businesses and authorities. Different theories (CSR-: Integrative, Instrumental and Ethical; CS-reporting:- Legitimacy, Political and stakeholder) theories were taking into consideration and compared with practices of organisation using case studies and secondary researched information. One of the most important information emphasised on in the report was the need to understand who organizational stakeholders are, and understanding their needs in other to report legitimately to them. Cases from researched articles were drawn to compare with what authors said, and case of British Airways was also highlighted for its reporting contents. Case studies from Anglo and MS were also employed to compare with theory. The conclusion stated that the engaging in CSR is still vital for both economic and social and physical reasons and the benefits of participating outweighs the cost which may involve fines, loss of reputation. The social reporting concluded that it legitimate to report activities as it a huge step towards accountability and more importantly enhances trust. The GRI guideline was recommended as the best reporting guideline to employ for businesses and authorities as it the most widely used standard. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction to subject In spite of the vast amount of literature on corporate social responsibility and reporting, this area of study maintains it multifaceted, intricate and constantly developing conception which constitutes of diverse practices and theories. The last 20 years through increase in technology, globalization and global warming as seen more light shed on CSR and reporting. Globalization has erected diverse kinds of markets for companies and also enhanced competition. Many large organisations today are taking unprecedented move from one country to another with cost been the prime driver. Profitability is the main objective of corporation as they seek greener pastures (cheaper resources and Cheaper Labour). This objective is usually met through large layoffs which arguably can be considered unethical. Global warming has also played a critical role in enhancing CSR. Many practices of large corporation have come under intense scrutiny. Oil companies, Mining Industry and airline industry are all examples of companies that are influenced by CSR practices. People are becoming more environmentally friendly and this has affected the way many organisations operate. The subject of customers needs and satisfaction in many business practices now includes CSR as customers daily decision is influenced by this. The research will tackle the essentials of CSR and reporting and explore the benefits and drawbacks of CSR and its reporting to businesses that engage in this activity. It highly essential to clarify that the research does not seek to produce a generic right or wrong view to the many questions about CSR but seeks to produce it own argument from relevant empirical evidence which has been carried out by academics. 1.2 Aims Objectives, structure of project Aim of this project is to extensively explore the imperatives for corporate social responsibility and reporting and make recommendation to parties such as authorities and businesses who are undecided about his subject. The objectives are: To gain a comprehensive understanding of CSR and it effect on Public Sector, Private sector and Emerging economies To explore the case for and against CSR and also discover its effect on organizational performance To research in depth previous literature on CSR and reporting and compare with case study, secondary findings and draw appropriate conclusion Chapter 1:- will give a depth introduction to CSR and how it has involved and some of the factors that has brought this subject to attention. It will also include how CSR is perceived in different sectors such as Private, Public and Emerging country. Chapter 2:- will draw from academic sources and present the case for and against CSR. It will examine both side of the argument and show how debatable their findings are. It will also use examples to fortify statement or beliefs researched by authors Chapter 3:- will build on chapter 2 and present theoretical assumption that academics have presented. It will show models, concepts and also argue them against other approaches illustrated by academics. Most significantly it will bring both opponents and proponents together to battle their findings. Chapter 4: will also build on chapter 3 and will compare practices of organisation to what the theory state. It use both secondary research materials and case study and compare it to what academics have found out Chapter 5 6: this aspect covers the corporate social reporting and examines what authors and academics have stated about this subject using theoretical backgrounds to compare what practices by organisations. Chapter 7: methodology would show how this research was carried out, some of the resources used to carry out the research and why this research best fit this project Chapter 8: will evaluate both chapter 3 and 4 and would present an appropriate conclusion and recommendation building from what has been found out in the main report. Chapter 9: will show the references list from reference in text. 1.3 Corporate Social responsibility According to Crane, Matten and Spence (2008) CSR is still a debated theme among many businesses and institution. They continue to write that CSR has evolved over the years and has become a key issue in every industry. Many academic hold different views on CSR, some believe that CSR is just a â€Å"superficial window dressing†, it just another medium through which large companies hide their mischievous deeds whilst appearing to be responsible. Matten and Moon (2004) companies are realizing that in other to maintain it operations, they may have to abolish some practices such as Environmental pollution and violation of human rights as a result of growing pressure from media and regulation from government. Typical examples of companies are Oil and Chemical companies. Crane, Matten and Spence (2008) discovered that other industries such as tourism and retail are encountering a high demand to ensure lawful practices to the environment through their business operation. This industries where previously considered to be sanitary, but face continuous pressure to legitimise their practices. There are several millions of articles and journals that deal with CSR all giving different definition to CSR. The past couple of years according to McWilliams, Siegel and Wright (2006) have seen an agreement in most definition of CSR compared to previous years where definition has been exceptionally broad. Previous academic Davis (1973) cited in Spence (2008) addressed CSR as â€Å"the firms consideration of, and response to, issues beyond the narrow economic, technical and legal requirement of the firm†. Years later, Caroll (1979) cite in Spence (2008) took a broad approach to his definition which state â€Å"the social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, and discretionary exceptions that society has of organizations at a given point in time†. Current definition seems to have taken a different route to a generic view such as Brown and Dacin (1997) define it as â€Å"status and activities with respect to its perceived societal stakeholders obligation†. As seen above, there are different complex definitions stated by different authors on CSR. In this research, the aim is not to use any of the definition or create another view or definition of CSR, the research will intensely evaluate and recommend to businesses and authorities based on empirical evidence made available by academics. 1.4 CSR Private Sector The private sector consists of large organizations to Small medium organizations. Brammer and Pavelin (2005) these organizations also play a critical part in CSR. According to Grayson and Hodges (2004) there is a notion that CSR is accustomed to large organizations who are owned by shareholders; they write that one of the key reasons for emphasizing CSR from the perspective of large organization is that, it raises the question on interest. Should the company be run on shareholders interest or from the perspective of the environment such as communities and customers? Husted and Allen (2006) argue that large organizations compared to SME face higher scrutiny from public due to their visibility. Therefore, CSR policies may have to be imbibed in the organizational code of conduct to create a structured approach for employees to adhere to. However SME as illustrated by Graafland, Van de Ven and Stoffele, (2003) present a dissimilar representation. Their study, as shown that 20 of Small Medium size Enterprise detailed their information on CSR operation compared to 62 percent of large organizations. As further discussed by Spence (1999) chief reason for this is that SME are mostly run between a small number of people whom the manager entrust essential decision to. Therefore an informal approach to CSR will be seen compared to approach by large organization. Compared to large organization who are open to the public as a result of their size, SME are normally small and their relationship (business) are usually between manager, supplier and employees. This relationship as shown by Spence and Schmidpeter (2002), are highly imperative as good personal relation and trust in this context can be identified as CSR. 1.5 CSR and Public Sector Agencies and government organization are examples of public sector who also encounter similar pressure to act in a socially responsible manner. Such examples according to Seitandi (2004) of this pressure are better equal opportunity and conscientious sourcing. He also noted that both public sector and private sector engage in similar CSR policies. Gardner (2006) CSR within the public sector has immensely grown over the last few years. Chief to this growth are Schools and Hospitals who are obliged to social objective and needs. This has enhanced the need for greater accountability with the public sector. Crane and Matten (2007: 488-498) write that government initiative in CSR is steadily increasing beyond it operation as bold steps are being taken to promote CSR related issues within among the public. They also noted that CSR is a voluntary act, therefore incentives and other benefits have been created by government to employ more businesses to get involved and espouse more socially responsible practices. An example of this as written by Moon (2004) is the UK government who have persuaded CSR among the British companies with initiatives such as Academy of CSR (training employees on CSR constantly) and Ethical trade (practicing fair trade). The European Union has also invested a large amount of effort to promote CSR within the environment. This has met several restrain as CSR in EU can still be considered as an â€Å"Anglo-Saxon† idea as noted by Commission of the European Communities, (2002) Ball (2004) finally, as there has been a continuous demand on private sector to asset more accountability in their reporting towards the public, so as also there has an increase in the public sector using some of the mechanisms for CSR e.g. social reporting to enhance more accountability to the public. 1.6 CSR Emerging Economies CSR in some emerging economies tend to take a very different approach. Crane, Laura and Spence (2008) argue that Russia and China are typical examples of economies that possess a classic approach to CSR. They write that Russia regime of privatization and switch to capitalism has stirred a shady and crooked government which has affected the concept of CSR in Russia. Grafski and Moon, 2004) in most popular places Russia, CSR is virtually an unknown concepts. China approach to CSR is quite different to Russia, even though it government still plays an immense role in directing and policing the economy: businesses have made effort significant effort in acting in a socially responsible manner. Some examples of action taking by Chinese businesses are endeavouring to build schools and housing for the less privilege in local communities. Miller (2005) depicted that CSR within the few years in China will rise due to it constantly growing economy. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Dyllick and Hockerts (2002) noted that there are two types of views when considering the debate about CSR. Authors with a narrow perspective on CSR strongly believe that the organization is not obliged to any society activities as far as it continues to pay rent which creates economic substance to stakeholders. Authors with a broad view contend that the organization through other means should certainly subject itself as an instrument of public policy 2.2 Case for CSR The argument proposes that organization can benefit from an environment that is acting in a socially responsible way. An example is the reduction in crime has money will be invested to enhance the security of business properties. In conclusion, a good society will produce a good business Davis (1973) cited in Crane, Laura and Spence (2008). Generation of psychologists such as Likert (1961) also suggested that a key part of CSR is including employees in key decisions and business operations. All barriers that make employees feel alienated should be abolished as this can propel more money for the organization. Brown and Fraser (2006) contend that engaging corporate social responsibility has more benefits to organizations and authorities than its total cost and strongly emphasis the need for organizations to embark on CSR for a good economic interest. James and Maurrasse (2003) in their research in businesses discovered that companies who engage in social and environmental program to better their community possessed a higher financial rewards and better positioning in the market. He argues that it is a necessity for businesses who wish to expand with better reputable perception to engage in CSR. Manning (2004) report highlighted that companies who are successful hold traits of CSR in the strategic goals. They understand the need to better their community, communicate with the public which can seal trust and avoid environmental and social pollution. He writes that organizations who fail to engage in CSR miss an a strategic avenue to re-affirm their position in the market 2.3 Case against CSR Opponents of CSR place emphasis on trusts as major reason why corporation cannot be adhered to Vogel (2005). Cheit (1972) calls it â€Å"Gospel of social responsibility† created to enhance the power of owners through non-managerial system. Cheit also considers it to be all about organization â€Å"talking the talk† and not â€Å"working the work†. 2.3.1 Capabilities Theodore Levitt (1968) argued that business owners and managers are not fully equipped to handle social related issues due to their nature of work. He cited that CEO are expert at their field not a social related issues as immense time and hard-work has been dedicated to his field. This has made the business person independent from the environment around. Other major academics contend that the course of organization which is channelled towards effectiveness and efficiency will affect the business from dealing with social difficulties and needs. 2.3.2 Organizational Structure Moir (2001) due to the scenery of culture, structure and regulations, it argued that social responsibilities may not be do-able in business organization especially large conglomerate. This is one of the most stinging assault on CSR. Baron (2000) claim that CSR cannot function appropriately as organizations are solely designed to erect the very problem (social responsibility) they desire to cure. He concluded by stating that â€Å"inexperienced and naive† is the word used for proponents of CSR. 2.3.3 Social Goals are evitable This attacks stems from that organizations are not obligated to seek social goals. Hill, Stephens and Smith (2003) condemn proponents by stating that organizational managers are deficient of social awareness as they are elected for business purposes by shareholders and therefore possess no legitimate obligation to seek social needs or objectives. Strom (2002) write â€Å"At whose command†. He stated that a representative body should be appointed for this purposes not business parties. Critics of CSR Bronn Vrioni (2001) question the value that will be imbibed in social responsibility decisions of organizations. Will organization concept affect this socially responsible act? â€Å"Dangers of Social responsibility† a paper written by Levitt (1958:44) cited in Crane, Laura and Spence (2008) highlighted that it â€Å"a strong urge which is driven by guilt that has stirred major organizations to re-think â€Å"Cultural, Social, Political and Institutional topography of society†. Vogel (2005) outlined another essential argument, when he stated that the economic role of organizations will be immensely impinge on if CSR is taken on board as the competitive position of the firm will be weakened, through given shareholders wealth away instead of investing it in project with a high net present value. Sahlin (2006) who possess a highly pragmatic view on CSR, questions who the organization will be responsible to? Employees or Customers? May supporting a part of the business community cause deficiency to another? why should hard-earned money be given to â€Å"customer†? This certainly illustrates a lack of clarity on the word â€Å"social† and also a clear definition of what â€Å"responsibility† is. Liston-Heyes Ceton (2007) noted that companies in the United states who operate within a government that is liberal tend to engage in the distribution of corporate profit, compared to its competitors that operate within government that are less liberal. Its therefore theoretically possible to conclude that political and legal purposes are affected by CSR. Niskonen (1971) argues strongly that some businesses use CSR as means to influence society standards and meet their needs. This may be done through direct political influence. De-Winter (2003) cites the example of multi-fabber the textile company who protected players in it sector instead of regulating them. The company did this by relinquishing key decision making to labour unions and companies such as GAP and Primark whilst at the same time simultaneously maintaining its power and growth in the textile industry. The companys primary act was to prove ethical but the hidden process was unethical. Strom (2002) directed his argument at firms who use their social awareness as an instrument for competitive advantage. An example of this act cited in Devinney (2008) was the mining company which indicted its multinational counterparts by exploiting it attained â€Å"reward on CSR position† to downside other competitors in the industry through parading measures that will impede the value of other mining firm and then approach them for takeovers at discounted price. Strom writes that â€Å"is the technique to CSR morally right?† In accordance with Bierce (1911) â€Å"pursuing private interest through public means†. Maloney McCormick (1982) research in the Unites States on the â€Å"Clean Act Regulation† further supported Strom (2002) evidence. Their research highlighted that although the â€Å"environmentalist† were favoured in the statutes and rules set by governing agency, it was erected in a way that will prevent new entrants from coming in the market. This gives an advantage to those who are already up and running as new entrants will be required to meet rigorous and expensive criterion. This research was further corroborated by Dean and brown (1995) Lantos (2001) cited in () business are not built to act as delegate to the society. The impoverished and deprived are not responsibility for businesses neither is the society. Devinney (2008) affirms that unless there is an unequivocal profit opportunity, businesses will tend to be reserved on social matters. He also argued that businesses engage in product experimentation, but will boycott any social experiment. He cited the example of companies in the southern part of America who do not participate in any experimentation with sexually oriented groups e.g. Gay. Friedman (1970) observed a good example of this argument among the Swedish government who when asked about the financial guarantee for Saab motor company, stated that â€Å"nursery schools, police and nurses is why voters voted me not to buy car factories going bankrupt†. This re-affirms the role of managers to the business and government to the society cogoi (2006) 2.3.5 Does CSR affect Performance? There are various literatures on the connection between CSR and performance. A variety state that is difficult to measure what aspect of CSR can affect corporation performance Schimdt Rynes (2006) firstly there are not clear signs that acting appropriately by showing good behaviour influences the length of businesses value. This can be seen from two points of view. From the financial market outlook, stambaugh and Levin (2005) argued that between 1% and 2.5% of corporations that are enlisted on the â€Å"ethical indices† lose their value compared to other competitors as a result of â€Å"anti-liquid trading effect†. A different approach was also used by Ter-host Zhang (2007) they also achieved a similar result. Devenney (2008) stated that the value of equity may not be affected by who possess the equity when trading effect is absent. He cited that the example of COIPERS who chose to remove tobacco from its portfolio. After this move, it did not affect the â€Å"operational† performance of the firm, despite it costing pension holders $700 million. Chapter 3: Corporate Social Responsibility THEORIES 3.1 Introduction The arena of CSR maintains its broad, complicated and debatable position. The last ten years has seen a surge in research on CSR than ever before. This surge has created new vocabulary, hypothesis and assumptions on this subject. Some of the new vocabularies used in conjunction with CSR are corporate governance, corporate accountability, and sustainability development. Wood and Logdon (2002) also established corporate citizenship. Diverse approaches to CSR have enacted different theory. Votow (1972) write that CSR possess different meaning to different individuals. Federick (1998) discussed four theoretical stages associated with CSR: CSR 1 theory â€Å"Ethical Philosophical concept† CSR 2 theory â€Å"Action-oriented managerial concept† CSR 3 theory â€Å"Ethics and valued base on normative element† CSR 4 theory â€Å"Effects of science religion† Another academic who contributed to this discipline was biummer (1999) who introduced four types of theory from six criterions (Intention, relationship to profits etc). His theory was widely criticized because it breadth and depth was limited. For the purpose of this research, the most significant theories will be used and explained to attain more depth on CSR as stated in our objective. In addition to the work of Parsons (1961) Crane, Matten and Spence (2008) developed four different theories that can be connected to the political, cultural and economical aspect of CSR. Instrumental theories these theories consider business as a vehicle for wealth. They believe that businesses will only relate with the society if there is an avenue for profit. Theory also state that the only mutual relationship that business has with the society is for economic substance. Political theories these theories buttress on the power of the organization socially. Its emphasises on the role that business hold socially and its duty in the political field. Integrative theories these theories stem from the notion that organizations most include the needs and objectives of the society. Its strongly state that since organizations need and depends on the society at large for profitability and growth, therefore society in return should considered when making decisions that may affect it. Ethical theories these theories realizes the connection with CSR and Ethical values. This theory dictates that business must perceive and accept CSR from an ethical perspective. 3.2 Political theories The focal point of this theories deal with how organisation and society interrelate and the influence the organisation possess. Smith and Higgins (2000) write that there are two significant approaches amongst other approaches that can be drawn from this theory. 3.2.1 Corporate Constitutionalism One of the first academic that researched on this subject was David (1960). He extensively examined the part of influence that organisation holds in the society and the result of their influence. He writes that this influence is critical when debating on the subject of CSR. His understanding holds firm on the notion that companies are â€Å"social institution† and appropriate use of the influence in the society is indispensably important. The idea of companies participating in the society solely for maximization of wealth Davis (1960) disagrees with Bethoux, Didry and Mias (2007) which is the economic theory. â€Å"The social power† and â€Å"Iron law of responsibility† where the two standards that Davis (1967) established to show how firms can administer their social power. Iron law of responsibility refers to companies who misuse their social influence. He writes companies who misuse their social influence in a way that not appropriate to the society will end up losing their overall influence and a responsible party will fill the gap left void. Social equation according to Davis (1967, pg 48) cited in Spence, Matten and Dirk (2008) refers to â€Å"social responsibilities of businessmen which erects from the power they possess† Davis noted that the balance of social influence and responsibilities must be thoroughly appreciated and recognized by organizations and business owners. In light of this, he discards the notion of â€Å"no responsibility of businesses†. Davis (1967, pg 68) extensively argued that constituency entity possess the ability to pressure organisational functional power. In addition, he stated that this entity posses similar ability that â€Å"government constituency† hold but differ as they do not obliterate the influence or power the organization hold but channel them in a way that it can be used for the benefit of the society. 3.2.2 Corporate citizenship Several factors which range from globalization to enhanced technology have given rise to this new notion. In concurrence with Andriof and McIntosh (2001), these factors have given organizations more power socially and economically than governing bodies. Matten et al (2003) established three perceptions on corporate citizenship as different individuals posses different interpretation of this conception. Matten et al (2003) the first one is the â€Å"limited view†- from this view corporate citizenship is employed similarly to social activities, investment or when the organization embarks on community project. Second, the â€Å"equivalent to CSR view† carol (1999) outline that â€Å"corporate citizenship† from this perspective illustrate the duty of organization towards the society. Third, â€Å"extended view† matten and crane (2005) this view stem from the notion that as a result of failure to protect right â€Å"citizenship† by major institutions such as government bodies, organizations may have to step in to â€Å"protect citizenship†. Authors such as Dion (2001) and Duffer (1994) admittedly write that corporate citizenship portrays the duties of organizations towards the community. They hol d that corporate citizenship to organization is partnering with local community to better the environment. 3.3 Instrumental theories The approach this theory takes is somewhat different from other theory listed above. The instrumental theory believes CSR is only a stratagem for business which will eventually lead to the maximization of wealth for shareholders. One author who distinctively supported this was Freidman (1970) he stated that â€Å"the only responsibility of business toward society is the maximization of profits to shareholders† Windsor (2001) achieving profitability objective means taking into consideration the interest of stakeholders. Mitchell et al (1997) argued that when the concern of stakeholders is met, it can aid in increasing value for shareholders. In light of this, several researches has been done on the relationship between financial performance and CSR. Key and Popkin (1998) and Roman et al (1999) both carried out major research and identified a positive relationship in financial performance whenever a company engages in social responsibilities. However, Griffin (2000) pointed out that such research done between CSR and CFP should be examine more extensively as they can be difficult to appraise. Instrumental theory can be identified and divided into two main groups according to Spence, Crane and Matten (2008): 3.3.1 Maximize value of shareholder Rowley and Berman (2002) maximizing return for shareholder is primary reason to invest in any social obligation or needs. They continue in stating that an honest investment should be made to benefit shareholders and if any weighty cost may affect the firm, the project should be discontinued. Friedman (1970) cited in Spence, Matten and Dirk (2008) gave a typical example where he stated that it will benefit a business that is situated in a small community to dedicate essential resources to the community. This enables the firm draw potential employees, build good image and loyalty with public and possibly reduce â€Å"wage bill†. 3.3.2 Tactics for attaining competitive advantage Husted and Allen (2000) Examine how business can attain a competitive advantage and meet it â€Å"social needs and Goals† through allotting it resources. Two major approaches where discussed Investing in a socially competitive context Porter and Kramer (2002) strongly argue that in other for a company to sustain its competitive advantage, investing in benevolent or charitable movement is essentially required. They concluded that this action can enhance the value of a company socially. Burke and Logsdon (1996) noted that greater wealth and other key benefits are received by the company who employ charitable activities together with the goal of the organization. Resource based view dynamic capabilities Barney (1991) introduced human capital, physical resources and knowledge as essential prerequisite for an organisation to possess a competitive advantage over its rivals. This according to Barney is the resource based view. Teece et al (1997) presented a different approach to â€Å"dynamic capability†. He discusses factors such as innovatively, development and tactics behind resources used to create competitive advantage. From this perspective, petrick and Quinn (2001) and Hillman and Keim (2001) developed a social and ethical resource capabilities which firms can use to gain competitive advantage. They propose that firms can posses an added advantage by enhancing their relationship with key stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, communities and employees. 3.4 Integrative theories One of the first academic that carried out an extensive research on these themes was Preston Post (1975). He noted that these theories examine how organi Corporate Social Responsibility Advantages and Disadvantages Corporate Social Responsibility Advantages and Disadvantages Abstract The report is endowed with detailed and exhaustive information about the essential for corporate social responsibility and reporting. The report draws from corporate social responsibility and reporting literature in other to conclude and recommend appropriately to businesses and authorities. Different theories (CSR-: Integrative, Instrumental and Ethical; CS-reporting:- Legitimacy, Political and stakeholder) theories were taking into consideration and compared with practices of organisation using case studies and secondary researched information. One of the most important information emphasised on in the report was the need to understand who organizational stakeholders are, and understanding their needs in other to report legitimately to them. Cases from researched articles were drawn to compare with what authors said, and case of British Airways was also highlighted for its reporting contents. Case studies from Anglo and MS were also employed to compare with theory. The conclusion stated that the engaging in CSR is still vital for both economic and social and physical reasons and the benefits of participating outweighs the cost which may involve fines, loss of reputation. The social reporting concluded that it legitimate to report activities as it a huge step towards accountability and more importantly enhances trust. The GRI guideline was recommended as the best reporting guideline to employ for businesses and authorities as it the most widely used standard. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction to subject In spite of the vast amount of literature on corporate social responsibility and reporting, this area of study maintains it multifaceted, intricate and constantly developing conception which constitutes of diverse practices and theories. The last 20 years through increase in technology, globalization and global warming as seen more light shed on CSR and reporting. Globalization has erected diverse kinds of markets for companies and also enhanced competition. Many large organisations today are taking unprecedented move from one country to another with cost been the prime driver. Profitability is the main objective of corporation as they seek greener pastures (cheaper resources and Cheaper Labour). This objective is usually met through large layoffs which arguably can be considered unethical. Global warming has also played a critical role in enhancing CSR. Many practices of large corporation have come under intense scrutiny. Oil companies, Mining Industry and airline industry are all examples of companies that are influenced by CSR practices. People are becoming more environmentally friendly and this has affected the way many organisations operate. The subject of customers needs and satisfaction in many business practices now includes CSR as customers daily decision is influenced by this. The research will tackle the essentials of CSR and reporting and explore the benefits and drawbacks of CSR and its reporting to businesses that engage in this activity. It highly essential to clarify that the research does not seek to produce a generic right or wrong view to the many questions about CSR but seeks to produce it own argument from relevant empirical evidence which has been carried out by academics. 1.2 Aims Objectives, structure of project Aim of this project is to extensively explore the imperatives for corporate social responsibility and reporting and make recommendation to parties such as authorities and businesses who are undecided about his subject. The objectives are: To gain a comprehensive understanding of CSR and it effect on Public Sector, Private sector and Emerging economies To explore the case for and against CSR and also discover its effect on organizational performance To research in depth previous literature on CSR and reporting and compare with case study, secondary findings and draw appropriate conclusion Chapter 1:- will give a depth introduction to CSR and how it has involved and some of the factors that has brought this subject to attention. It will also include how CSR is perceived in different sectors such as Private, Public and Emerging country. Chapter 2:- will draw from academic sources and present the case for and against CSR. It will examine both side of the argument and show how debatable their findings are. It will also use examples to fortify statement or beliefs researched by authors Chapter 3:- will build on chapter 2 and present theoretical assumption that academics have presented. It will show models, concepts and also argue them against other approaches illustrated by academics. Most significantly it will bring both opponents and proponents together to battle their findings. Chapter 4: will also build on chapter 3 and will compare practices of organisation to what the theory state. It use both secondary research materials and case study and compare it to what academics have found out Chapter 5 6: this aspect covers the corporate social reporting and examines what authors and academics have stated about this subject using theoretical backgrounds to compare what practices by organisations. Chapter 7: methodology would show how this research was carried out, some of the resources used to carry out the research and why this research best fit this project Chapter 8: will evaluate both chapter 3 and 4 and would present an appropriate conclusion and recommendation building from what has been found out in the main report. Chapter 9: will show the references list from reference in text. 1.3 Corporate Social responsibility According to Crane, Matten and Spence (2008) CSR is still a debated theme among many businesses and institution. They continue to write that CSR has evolved over the years and has become a key issue in every industry. Many academic hold different views on CSR, some believe that CSR is just a â€Å"superficial window dressing†, it just another medium through which large companies hide their mischievous deeds whilst appearing to be responsible. Matten and Moon (2004) companies are realizing that in other to maintain it operations, they may have to abolish some practices such as Environmental pollution and violation of human rights as a result of growing pressure from media and regulation from government. Typical examples of companies are Oil and Chemical companies. Crane, Matten and Spence (2008) discovered that other industries such as tourism and retail are encountering a high demand to ensure lawful practices to the environment through their business operation. This industries where previously considered to be sanitary, but face continuous pressure to legitimise their practices. There are several millions of articles and journals that deal with CSR all giving different definition to CSR. The past couple of years according to McWilliams, Siegel and Wright (2006) have seen an agreement in most definition of CSR compared to previous years where definition has been exceptionally broad. Previous academic Davis (1973) cited in Spence (2008) addressed CSR as â€Å"the firms consideration of, and response to, issues beyond the narrow economic, technical and legal requirement of the firm†. Years later, Caroll (1979) cite in Spence (2008) took a broad approach to his definition which state â€Å"the social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, and discretionary exceptions that society has of organizations at a given point in time†. Current definition seems to have taken a different route to a generic view such as Brown and Dacin (1997) define it as â€Å"status and activities with respect to its perceived societal stakeholders obligation†. As seen above, there are different complex definitions stated by different authors on CSR. In this research, the aim is not to use any of the definition or create another view or definition of CSR, the research will intensely evaluate and recommend to businesses and authorities based on empirical evidence made available by academics. 1.4 CSR Private Sector The private sector consists of large organizations to Small medium organizations. Brammer and Pavelin (2005) these organizations also play a critical part in CSR. According to Grayson and Hodges (2004) there is a notion that CSR is accustomed to large organizations who are owned by shareholders; they write that one of the key reasons for emphasizing CSR from the perspective of large organization is that, it raises the question on interest. Should the company be run on shareholders interest or from the perspective of the environment such as communities and customers? Husted and Allen (2006) argue that large organizations compared to SME face higher scrutiny from public due to their visibility. Therefore, CSR policies may have to be imbibed in the organizational code of conduct to create a structured approach for employees to adhere to. However SME as illustrated by Graafland, Van de Ven and Stoffele, (2003) present a dissimilar representation. Their study, as shown that 20 of Small Medium size Enterprise detailed their information on CSR operation compared to 62 percent of large organizations. As further discussed by Spence (1999) chief reason for this is that SME are mostly run between a small number of people whom the manager entrust essential decision to. Therefore an informal approach to CSR will be seen compared to approach by large organization. Compared to large organization who are open to the public as a result of their size, SME are normally small and their relationship (business) are usually between manager, supplier and employees. This relationship as shown by Spence and Schmidpeter (2002), are highly imperative as good personal relation and trust in this context can be identified as CSR. 1.5 CSR and Public Sector Agencies and government organization are examples of public sector who also encounter similar pressure to act in a socially responsible manner. Such examples according to Seitandi (2004) of this pressure are better equal opportunity and conscientious sourcing. He also noted that both public sector and private sector engage in similar CSR policies. Gardner (2006) CSR within the public sector has immensely grown over the last few years. Chief to this growth are Schools and Hospitals who are obliged to social objective and needs. This has enhanced the need for greater accountability with the public sector. Crane and Matten (2007: 488-498) write that government initiative in CSR is steadily increasing beyond it operation as bold steps are being taken to promote CSR related issues within among the public. They also noted that CSR is a voluntary act, therefore incentives and other benefits have been created by government to employ more businesses to get involved and espouse more socially responsible practices. An example of this as written by Moon (2004) is the UK government who have persuaded CSR among the British companies with initiatives such as Academy of CSR (training employees on CSR constantly) and Ethical trade (practicing fair trade). The European Union has also invested a large amount of effort to promote CSR within the environment. This has met several restrain as CSR in EU can still be considered as an â€Å"Anglo-Saxon† idea as noted by Commission of the European Communities, (2002) Ball (2004) finally, as there has been a continuous demand on private sector to asset more accountability in their reporting towards the public, so as also there has an increase in the public sector using some of the mechanisms for CSR e.g. social reporting to enhance more accountability to the public. 1.6 CSR Emerging Economies CSR in some emerging economies tend to take a very different approach. Crane, Laura and Spence (2008) argue that Russia and China are typical examples of economies that possess a classic approach to CSR. They write that Russia regime of privatization and switch to capitalism has stirred a shady and crooked government which has affected the concept of CSR in Russia. Grafski and Moon, 2004) in most popular places Russia, CSR is virtually an unknown concepts. China approach to CSR is quite different to Russia, even though it government still plays an immense role in directing and policing the economy: businesses have made effort significant effort in acting in a socially responsible manner. Some examples of action taking by Chinese businesses are endeavouring to build schools and housing for the less privilege in local communities. Miller (2005) depicted that CSR within the few years in China will rise due to it constantly growing economy. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Dyllick and Hockerts (2002) noted that there are two types of views when considering the debate about CSR. Authors with a narrow perspective on CSR strongly believe that the organization is not obliged to any society activities as far as it continues to pay rent which creates economic substance to stakeholders. Authors with a broad view contend that the organization through other means should certainly subject itself as an instrument of public policy 2.2 Case for CSR The argument proposes that organization can benefit from an environment that is acting in a socially responsible way. An example is the reduction in crime has money will be invested to enhance the security of business properties. In conclusion, a good society will produce a good business Davis (1973) cited in Crane, Laura and Spence (2008). Generation of psychologists such as Likert (1961) also suggested that a key part of CSR is including employees in key decisions and business operations. All barriers that make employees feel alienated should be abolished as this can propel more money for the organization. Brown and Fraser (2006) contend that engaging corporate social responsibility has more benefits to organizations and authorities than its total cost and strongly emphasis the need for organizations to embark on CSR for a good economic interest. James and Maurrasse (2003) in their research in businesses discovered that companies who engage in social and environmental program to better their community possessed a higher financial rewards and better positioning in the market. He argues that it is a necessity for businesses who wish to expand with better reputable perception to engage in CSR. Manning (2004) report highlighted that companies who are successful hold traits of CSR in the strategic goals. They understand the need to better their community, communicate with the public which can seal trust and avoid environmental and social pollution. He writes that organizations who fail to engage in CSR miss an a strategic avenue to re-affirm their position in the market 2.3 Case against CSR Opponents of CSR place emphasis on trusts as major reason why corporation cannot be adhered to Vogel (2005). Cheit (1972) calls it â€Å"Gospel of social responsibility† created to enhance the power of owners through non-managerial system. Cheit also considers it to be all about organization â€Å"talking the talk† and not â€Å"working the work†. 2.3.1 Capabilities Theodore Levitt (1968) argued that business owners and managers are not fully equipped to handle social related issues due to their nature of work. He cited that CEO are expert at their field not a social related issues as immense time and hard-work has been dedicated to his field. This has made the business person independent from the environment around. Other major academics contend that the course of organization which is channelled towards effectiveness and efficiency will affect the business from dealing with social difficulties and needs. 2.3.2 Organizational Structure Moir (2001) due to the scenery of culture, structure and regulations, it argued that social responsibilities may not be do-able in business organization especially large conglomerate. This is one of the most stinging assault on CSR. Baron (2000) claim that CSR cannot function appropriately as organizations are solely designed to erect the very problem (social responsibility) they desire to cure. He concluded by stating that â€Å"inexperienced and naive† is the word used for proponents of CSR. 2.3.3 Social Goals are evitable This attacks stems from that organizations are not obligated to seek social goals. Hill, Stephens and Smith (2003) condemn proponents by stating that organizational managers are deficient of social awareness as they are elected for business purposes by shareholders and therefore possess no legitimate obligation to seek social needs or objectives. Strom (2002) write â€Å"At whose command†. He stated that a representative body should be appointed for this purposes not business parties. Critics of CSR Bronn Vrioni (2001) question the value that will be imbibed in social responsibility decisions of organizations. Will organization concept affect this socially responsible act? â€Å"Dangers of Social responsibility† a paper written by Levitt (1958:44) cited in Crane, Laura and Spence (2008) highlighted that it â€Å"a strong urge which is driven by guilt that has stirred major organizations to re-think â€Å"Cultural, Social, Political and Institutional topography of society†. Vogel (2005) outlined another essential argument, when he stated that the economic role of organizations will be immensely impinge on if CSR is taken on board as the competitive position of the firm will be weakened, through given shareholders wealth away instead of investing it in project with a high net present value. Sahlin (2006) who possess a highly pragmatic view on CSR, questions who the organization will be responsible to? Employees or Customers? May supporting a part of the business community cause deficiency to another? why should hard-earned money be given to â€Å"customer†? This certainly illustrates a lack of clarity on the word â€Å"social† and also a clear definition of what â€Å"responsibility† is. Liston-Heyes Ceton (2007) noted that companies in the United states who operate within a government that is liberal tend to engage in the distribution of corporate profit, compared to its competitors that operate within government that are less liberal. Its therefore theoretically possible to conclude that political and legal purposes are affected by CSR. Niskonen (1971) argues strongly that some businesses use CSR as means to influence society standards and meet their needs. This may be done through direct political influence. De-Winter (2003) cites the example of multi-fabber the textile company who protected players in it sector instead of regulating them. The company did this by relinquishing key decision making to labour unions and companies such as GAP and Primark whilst at the same time simultaneously maintaining its power and growth in the textile industry. The companys primary act was to prove ethical but the hidden process was unethical. Strom (2002) directed his argument at firms who use their social awareness as an instrument for competitive advantage. An example of this act cited in Devinney (2008) was the mining company which indicted its multinational counterparts by exploiting it attained â€Å"reward on CSR position† to downside other competitors in the industry through parading measures that will impede the value of other mining firm and then approach them for takeovers at discounted price. Strom writes that â€Å"is the technique to CSR morally right?† In accordance with Bierce (1911) â€Å"pursuing private interest through public means†. Maloney McCormick (1982) research in the Unites States on the â€Å"Clean Act Regulation† further supported Strom (2002) evidence. Their research highlighted that although the â€Å"environmentalist† were favoured in the statutes and rules set by governing agency, it was erected in a way that will prevent new entrants from coming in the market. This gives an advantage to those who are already up and running as new entrants will be required to meet rigorous and expensive criterion. This research was further corroborated by Dean and brown (1995) Lantos (2001) cited in () business are not built to act as delegate to the society. The impoverished and deprived are not responsibility for businesses neither is the society. Devinney (2008) affirms that unless there is an unequivocal profit opportunity, businesses will tend to be reserved on social matters. He also argued that businesses engage in product experimentation, but will boycott any social experiment. He cited the example of companies in the southern part of America who do not participate in any experimentation with sexually oriented groups e.g. Gay. Friedman (1970) observed a good example of this argument among the Swedish government who when asked about the financial guarantee for Saab motor company, stated that â€Å"nursery schools, police and nurses is why voters voted me not to buy car factories going bankrupt†. This re-affirms the role of managers to the business and government to the society cogoi (2006) 2.3.5 Does CSR affect Performance? There are various literatures on the connection between CSR and performance. A variety state that is difficult to measure what aspect of CSR can affect corporation performance Schimdt Rynes (2006) firstly there are not clear signs that acting appropriately by showing good behaviour influences the length of businesses value. This can be seen from two points of view. From the financial market outlook, stambaugh and Levin (2005) argued that between 1% and 2.5% of corporations that are enlisted on the â€Å"ethical indices† lose their value compared to other competitors as a result of â€Å"anti-liquid trading effect†. A different approach was also used by Ter-host Zhang (2007) they also achieved a similar result. Devenney (2008) stated that the value of equity may not be affected by who possess the equity when trading effect is absent. He cited that the example of COIPERS who chose to remove tobacco from its portfolio. After this move, it did not affect the â€Å"operational† performance of the firm, despite it costing pension holders $700 million. Chapter 3: Corporate Social Responsibility THEORIES 3.1 Introduction The arena of CSR maintains its broad, complicated and debatable position. The last ten years has seen a surge in research on CSR than ever before. This surge has created new vocabulary, hypothesis and assumptions on this subject. Some of the new vocabularies used in conjunction with CSR are corporate governance, corporate accountability, and sustainability development. Wood and Logdon (2002) also established corporate citizenship. Diverse approaches to CSR have enacted different theory. Votow (1972) write that CSR possess different meaning to different individuals. Federick (1998) discussed four theoretical stages associated with CSR: CSR 1 theory â€Å"Ethical Philosophical concept† CSR 2 theory â€Å"Action-oriented managerial concept† CSR 3 theory â€Å"Ethics and valued base on normative element† CSR 4 theory â€Å"Effects of science religion† Another academic who contributed to this discipline was biummer (1999) who introduced four types of theory from six criterions (Intention, relationship to profits etc). His theory was widely criticized because it breadth and depth was limited. For the purpose of this research, the most significant theories will be used and explained to attain more depth on CSR as stated in our objective. In addition to the work of Parsons (1961) Crane, Matten and Spence (2008) developed four different theories that can be connected to the political, cultural and economical aspect of CSR. Instrumental theories these theories consider business as a vehicle for wealth. They believe that businesses will only relate with the society if there is an avenue for profit. Theory also state that the only mutual relationship that business has with the society is for economic substance. Political theories these theories buttress on the power of the organization socially. Its emphasises on the role that business hold socially and its duty in the political field. Integrative theories these theories stem from the notion that organizations most include the needs and objectives of the society. Its strongly state that since organizations need and depends on the society at large for profitability and growth, therefore society in return should considered when making decisions that may affect it. Ethical theories these theories realizes the connection with CSR and Ethical values. This theory dictates that business must perceive and accept CSR from an ethical perspective. 3.2 Political theories The focal point of this theories deal with how organisation and society interrelate and the influence the organisation possess. Smith and Higgins (2000) write that there are two significant approaches amongst other approaches that can be drawn from this theory. 3.2.1 Corporate Constitutionalism One of the first academic that researched on this subject was David (1960). He extensively examined the part of influence that organisation holds in the society and the result of their influence. He writes that this influence is critical when debating on the subject of CSR. His understanding holds firm on the notion that companies are â€Å"social institution† and appropriate use of the influence in the society is indispensably important. The idea of companies participating in the society solely for maximization of wealth Davis (1960) disagrees with Bethoux, Didry and Mias (2007) which is the economic theory. â€Å"The social power† and â€Å"Iron law of responsibility† where the two standards that Davis (1967) established to show how firms can administer their social power. Iron law of responsibility refers to companies who misuse their social influence. He writes companies who misuse their social influence in a way that not appropriate to the society will end up losing their overall influence and a responsible party will fill the gap left void. Social equation according to Davis (1967, pg 48) cited in Spence, Matten and Dirk (2008) refers to â€Å"social responsibilities of businessmen which erects from the power they possess† Davis noted that the balance of social influence and responsibilities must be thoroughly appreciated and recognized by organizations and business owners. In light of this, he discards the notion of â€Å"no responsibility of businesses†. Davis (1967, pg 68) extensively argued that constituency entity possess the ability to pressure organisational functional power. In addition, he stated that this entity posses similar ability that â€Å"government constituency† hold but differ as they do not obliterate the influence or power the organization hold but channel them in a way that it can be used for the benefit of the society. 3.2.2 Corporate citizenship Several factors which range from globalization to enhanced technology have given rise to this new notion. In concurrence with Andriof and McIntosh (2001), these factors have given organizations more power socially and economically than governing bodies. Matten et al (2003) established three perceptions on corporate citizenship as different individuals posses different interpretation of this conception. Matten et al (2003) the first one is the â€Å"limited view†- from this view corporate citizenship is employed similarly to social activities, investment or when the organization embarks on community project. Second, the â€Å"equivalent to CSR view† carol (1999) outline that â€Å"corporate citizenship† from this perspective illustrate the duty of organization towards the society. Third, â€Å"extended view† matten and crane (2005) this view stem from the notion that as a result of failure to protect right â€Å"citizenship† by major institutions such as government bodies, organizations may have to step in to â€Å"protect citizenship†. Authors such as Dion (2001) and Duffer (1994) admittedly write that corporate citizenship portrays the duties of organizations towards the community. They hol d that corporate citizenship to organization is partnering with local community to better the environment. 3.3 Instrumental theories The approach this theory takes is somewhat different from other theory listed above. The instrumental theory believes CSR is only a stratagem for business which will eventually lead to the maximization of wealth for shareholders. One author who distinctively supported this was Freidman (1970) he stated that â€Å"the only responsibility of business toward society is the maximization of profits to shareholders† Windsor (2001) achieving profitability objective means taking into consideration the interest of stakeholders. Mitchell et al (1997) argued that when the concern of stakeholders is met, it can aid in increasing value for shareholders. In light of this, several researches has been done on the relationship between financial performance and CSR. Key and Popkin (1998) and Roman et al (1999) both carried out major research and identified a positive relationship in financial performance whenever a company engages in social responsibilities. However, Griffin (2000) pointed out that such research done between CSR and CFP should be examine more extensively as they can be difficult to appraise. Instrumental theory can be identified and divided into two main groups according to Spence, Crane and Matten (2008): 3.3.1 Maximize value of shareholder Rowley and Berman (2002) maximizing return for shareholder is primary reason to invest in any social obligation or needs. They continue in stating that an honest investment should be made to benefit shareholders and if any weighty cost may affect the firm, the project should be discontinued. Friedman (1970) cited in Spence, Matten and Dirk (2008) gave a typical example where he stated that it will benefit a business that is situated in a small community to dedicate essential resources to the community. This enables the firm draw potential employees, build good image and loyalty with public and possibly reduce â€Å"wage bill†. 3.3.2 Tactics for attaining competitive advantage Husted and Allen (2000) Examine how business can attain a competitive advantage and meet it â€Å"social needs and Goals† through allotting it resources. Two major approaches where discussed Investing in a socially competitive context Porter and Kramer (2002) strongly argue that in other for a company to sustain its competitive advantage, investing in benevolent or charitable movement is essentially required. They concluded that this action can enhance the value of a company socially. Burke and Logsdon (1996) noted that greater wealth and other key benefits are received by the company who employ charitable activities together with the goal of the organization. Resource based view dynamic capabilities Barney (1991) introduced human capital, physical resources and knowledge as essential prerequisite for an organisation to possess a competitive advantage over its rivals. This according to Barney is the resource based view. Teece et al (1997) presented a different approach to â€Å"dynamic capability†. He discusses factors such as innovatively, development and tactics behind resources used to create competitive advantage. From this perspective, petrick and Quinn (2001) and Hillman and Keim (2001) developed a social and ethical resource capabilities which firms can use to gain competitive advantage. They propose that firms can posses an added advantage by enhancing their relationship with key stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, communities and employees. 3.4 Integrative theories One of the first academic that carried out an extensive research on these themes was Preston Post (1975). He noted that these theories examine how organi